A Data Driven Artificial Intelligence Framework for Hydrogen Production Optimization in Waterflooded Hydrocarbon Reservoir

Abstract

Hydrogen has become a very promising green energy source that can be easily stored and transported, and it has the potential to be utilized in a variety of applications. Hydrogen, as a power source, has the benefits of being easily transportable and stored over long periods of times, and does not lead to any carbon emissions related to the utilization of the power source. Thermal EOR methods are among the most commonly used recovery methods. They involve the introduction of thermal energy or heat into the reservoir to raise the temperature of the oil and reduce its viscosity. The heat makes the oil mobile and assists in moving it towards the producer wells. The heat can be added externally by injecting a hot fluid such as steam or hot water into the formations, or it can be generated internally through in-situ combustion by burning the oil in depleted gas or waterflooded reservoirs using air or oxygen. This method is an attractive alternative to produce cost-efficiently significant amounts of hydrogen from these depleted or waterflooded reservoirs. A major challenge is to optimize injection of air/oxygen to maximize hydrogen production via ensuring that the in-situ combustion sufficiently supports the breakdown of water into hydrogen molecules. In-situ combustion or fireflood is a method consisting of volumes of air or oxygen injected into a well and ignited. A burning zone is propagated through the reservoir from the injection well to the producing wells. The in-situ combustion creates a bank of steam, gas from the combustion process, and evaporated hydrocarbons that drive the reservoir oil into the producing wells. There are three types of in-situ combustion processes: dry forward, dry reverse and wet forward combustion. In a dry forward process only air is injected and the combustion front moves from the injector to the producer. The wet forward injection is the same process where air and water are injected either simultaneously or alternating. Artificial intelligence (AI) practices have allowed to significantly improve optimization of reservoir production, based on observations in the near wellbore reservoir layers. This work utilizes a data-driven physics-inspired AI model for the optimization of hydrogen recovery via the injection of oxygen, where the injection and production parameters are optimized, minimizing oxygen injection while maximizing hydrogen production and recovery. Multiple physical and data-driven models and their parameters are optimized based on observations with the objective to determine the best sustainable combination. The framework was examined on a synthetic reservoir model with multiple injector and producing wells. Historical injection and production were available for a time period of three years for various oxygen injection and hydrogen production levels. Various time-series deep learning network models were investigated, with random forest time series models incorporating a modified mass balance – reaction kinetics model for in-situ combustion performing most effectively. A robust global optimization approach, based on an artificial intelligence genetic optimization, allows for simultaneously optimization of an injection pattern and uncertainty quantification. Results indicate potential for significant reduction in required oxygen injection volumes, while maximizing hydrogen recovery. This work represents a first and innovative approach to enhance hydrogen recovery from waterflooded reservoirs via oxygen injection. The data-driven physics inspired AI genetic optimization framework allows to optimize oxygen injection while maximizing hydrogen production.

Security Concerns for Using Deep Learning Models in Predicting Hydrogen Production: A Comparative Study on Adversarial Attack

“…Alternatively, a different approach involves producing green hydrogen through oxygen injection and hydrocarbon tanks submerged in water. In their work, Klemens et al [37] introduced a data-centric AI system aimed at enhancing green hydrogen production within hydrocarbon reservoirs submerged in water. Their study represents a pioneering effort to improve oxygen injection techniques while optimizing hydrogen generation using an AI-based genetic optimization framework.…”

“…Their study represents a pioneering effort to improve oxygen injection techniques while optimizing hydrogen generation using an AI-based genetic optimization framework. Generating hydrogen from organic waste is considered one of the most prominent and cost-effective methods [37][38][39][40]. Nevertheless, the existing body of literature lacks an adequate number of AI models designed to strategize and enhance green hydrogen production from waste sources.…”

Evaluation of Explainable Deep Learning Models in Predicting Hydrogen Production

“…Alternatively, an alternative approach involves generating green hydrogen through oxygen injection and hydrocarbon tanks submerged in water. Klemens et al [30] introduced a data-centric AI system in their work aimed at enhancing the production of green hydrogen within hydrocarbon reservoirs submerged in water. Their study marks a pioneering effort in the realm of improving oxygen injection techniques while simultaneously optimizing hydrogen generation through the utilization of an AI-based genetic optimization framework.…”

“…Their study marks a pioneering effort in the realm of improving oxygen injection techniques while simultaneously optimizing hydrogen generation through the utilization of an AI-based genetic optimization framework. Generating hydrogen from organic waste is regarded as one of the foremost and cost-effective methods [30][31][32][33][34]. Nonetheless, the existing body of literature does contain a limited number of AI models designed to strategize and enhance the production of green hydrogen from waste sources.…”

AI-driven microbial sequencing analysis for hydrogen storage in the Maari reservoir

“…In order to be active, the environment and the basics of life need to be present. Speci cally, it requires water, a source of energy and certain essential elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and trace elements [5]. Most microbes thrive under less extreme conditions, which ranges typically between − 15 degree Celsius and up to 121 degrees.…”