Syntactic priming in language production is the increased likelihood of using a recently encountered syntactic structure. In this paper, we examine two theories of why speakers can be primed: errorâdriven learning accounts (Bock, Dell, Chang, & Onishi, 2007; Chang, Dell, & Bock, 2006) and activationâbased accounts (Pickering & Branigan, 1999; Reitter, Keller, & Moore, 2011). Both theories predict that speakers should be primed by the syntactic choices of others, but only activationâbased accounts predict that speakers should be able to prime themselves. Here we test whether speakers can be primed by their own productions in three behavioral experiments and find evidence of structural persistence following both comprehension and speakersâ own productions. We also find that comprehensionâbased priming effects are larger for rarer syntactic structures than for more common ones, which is most consistent with errorâdriven accounts. Because neither errorâdriven accounts nor activationâbased accounts fully explain the data, we propose a hybrid model.