A Data Collection of Infants’ Visual, Physical, and Behavioral Reactions to a Small Humanoid Robot

Funke, Rebecca; Fitter, Naomi T.; Armendi, Joyce T. de; Bradley, Nina S.; Sargent, Barbara; Matarić, Maja J.; Smith, Beth A.

doi:10.1109/arso.2018.8625800

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Social robots were used to study two kinds of imitation in young children, i.e., their ability to learn by observing and imitating others [ 96 ]. Half of the studies focused on infants aged 2–8 months and their imitation of the humanoid robot’s bodily movements, also known as motor imitation, and contingency learning in a face-to-face interaction [ 69 , 89 , 90 ]. Although 2- to 5-month-olds paid more attention to the robot when it moved, only 6- to 8-month-olds imitated its motor movements and demonstrated contingency learning [ 69 , 89 , 90 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Half of the studies focused on infants aged 2–8 months and their imitation of the humanoid robot’s bodily movements, also known as motor imitation, and contingency learning in a face-to-face interaction [ 69 , 89 , 90 ]. Although 2- to 5-month-olds paid more attention to the robot when it moved, only 6- to 8-month-olds imitated its motor movements and demonstrated contingency learning [ 69 , 89 , 90 ]. The remaining studies investigated 1- to 3-year-old toddlers’ imitation of a robot’s actions with objects, such as assembling a rattle and shaking it to make a sound [ 58 , 62 , 93 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, humans are not necessarily the only information source for young children. For instance, 2-month-olds tend to be more attentive to robots that move [ 90 ], while 6-month-olds imitate robots [ 69 ]. Furthermore, 6.5-month-olds can attribute goals to a robot’s moving actions toward a specific destination [ 83 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social robots in research on social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A scoping review

Flatebø,

Tran,

Wang

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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There is currently no systematic review of the growing body of literature on using social robots in early developmental research. Designing appropriate methods for early childhood research is crucial for broadening our understanding of young children’s social and cognitive development. This scoping review systematically examines the existing literature on using social robots to study social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers aged between 2 and 35 months. Moreover, it aims to identify the research focus, findings, and reported gaps and challenges when using robots in research. We included empirical studies published between 1990 and May 29, 2023. We searched for literature in PsychINFO, ERIC, Web of Science, and PsyArXiv. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were mapped using the scoping review method. Our findings reveal that most studies were quantitative, with experimental designs conducted in a laboratory setting where children were exposed to physically present or virtual robots in a one-to-one situation. We found that robots were used to investigate four main concepts: animacy concept, action understanding, imitation, and early conversational skills. Many studies focused on whether young children regard robots as agents or social partners. The studies demonstrated that young children could learn from and understand social robots in some situations but not always. For instance, children’s understanding of social robots was often facilitated by robots that behaved interactively and contingently. This scoping review highlights the need to design social robots that can engage in interactive and contingent social behaviors for early developmental research.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Social robots in research on social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A scoping review

Flatebø,

Tran,

Wang

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Social robots were used to study two kinds of imitation in young children, i.e., their ability to learn by observing and imitating others (96). Half of the studies focused on infants aged 2-8 months and their imitation of the humanoid robot's bodily movements, also known as motor imitation, and contingency learning in a face-to-face interaction (67,88,89). Although 2-to 5-month-olds paid more attention to the robot when it moved, only 6-to 8-month-olds imitated its motor movements and demonstrated contingency learning (67,88,89).…”

Section: Imitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Half of the studies focused on infants aged 2-8 months and their imitation of the humanoid robot's bodily movements, also known as motor imitation, and contingency learning in a face-to-face interaction (67,88,89). Although 2-to 5-month-olds paid more attention to the robot when it moved, only 6-to 8-month-olds imitated its motor movements and demonstrated contingency learning (67,88,89). The remaining studies investigated 1-to 3-year-old toddlers' imitation of a robot's actions with objects, such as assembling a rattle and shaking it to make a sound (56,60,93).…”

Section: Imitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social robots in research on social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A Scoping review

Flatebø,

Tran,

Wang

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is currently no systematic review of the growing body of literature on using social robots in early developmental research. Designing appropriate methods for early childhood research is crucial for broadening our understanding of young children’s social and cognitive development. This scoping review systematically examines the existing literature on using social robots to study social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers aged between 2 and 35 months. Moreover, it aims to identify the research focus, findings, and reported gaps and challenges when using robots in research. We included empirical studies published between 1990 to May 29, 2023. We searched for literature in PsychINFO, ERIC, Web of Science, and PsyArXiv. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were mapped using the scoping review method. Our findings reveal that most studies were quantitative, with experimental designs conducted in a laboratory setting where children were exposed to physically present or virtual robots in a one-to-one situation. We found that robots were used to investigate four main concepts: animacy concept, action understanding, imitation, and early conversational skills. Many studies focused on whether young children regard robots as agents or social partners. The studies demonstrated that young children could learn from and understand social robots in some situations but not always. For instance, children’s understanding of social robots was often facilitated by robots that behaved interactively and contingently. This scoping review highlights the need to design social robots that can engage in interactive and contingent social behaviors for early developmental research.

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Systematic Review of Affective Computing Techniques for Infant Robot Interaction

Filippini

2023

Int J of Soc Robotics

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Research studies on social robotics and human-robot interaction have gained insights into factors that influence people’s perceptions and behaviors towards robots. However, adults’ perceptions of robots may differ significantly from those of infants. Consequently, extending this knowledge also to infants’ attitudes toward robots is a growing field of research. Indeed, infant-robot interaction (IRI) is emerging as a critical and necessary area of research as robots are increasingly used in social environments, such as caring for infants with all types of disabilities, companionship, and education. Although studies have been conducted on the ability of robots to positively engage infants, little is known about the infants’ affective state when interacting with a robot. In this systematic review, technologies for infant affective state recognition relevant to IRI applications are presented and surveyed. Indeed, adapting techniques currently employed for infant’s emotion recognition to the field of IRI results to be a complex task, since it requires timely response while not interfering with the infant’s behavior. Those aspects have a crucial impact on the selection of the emotion recognition techniques and the related metrics to be used for this purpose. Therefore, this review is intended to shed light on the advantages and the current research challenges of the infants’ affective state recognition approaches in the IRI field, elucidates a roadmap for their use in forthcoming studies as well as potentially provide support to future developments of emotion-aware robots.

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A Data Collection of Infants’ Visual, Physical, and Behavioral Reactions to a Small Humanoid Robot

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Social robots in research on social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A scoping review

Social robots in research on social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A scoping review

Social robots in research on social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A Scoping review

Systematic Review of Affective Computing Techniques for Infant Robot Interaction

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