A cytological survey of postmenopausal estrus in Africa

A prospective study in general practice on breast‐cancer risk in postmenopausal women

“…We had then some evidence from a casecontrol comparison that overweight was more frequent in mammary cancer patients than in the normal population. Moreover, we had found by means of endocrine cytology that among postmenopausal women there was an increased frequency of karyopycnotic (" estrogenic ") smears in those who were obese, hypertensive and diabetic (de Waard and Baanders, 1961 ;de Waard and Oettle, 1965). Since these estrogens originated outside the ovaries (Bruinsma and de Waard, 1959) we felt confident that they were synthetized as such in the adrenal cortex.…”

Abnormalities of the Specific Stroma in the Cortex and Medulla of the Ovary in Patients with Endometrial Carcinoma

“…F iemberg found it useful to study th e ovaries of pati ents with carcinoma of the endometrium using lipid stains to better demonstra te th e frequent increase in cell s of th e stromatic lipidi c line (7). In a South-Africa n popul ation with a low incidence of cancer of the corpu s uteri , changes in th e diet resulting in obesity have been associated with a rising inci-·de nce of endometri al carcinoma (6). Shippel theorized that th e stromatheca cell-which would c orrespond to our type IV cell-was capable of a ndrogenic secre tion a nd that a n inba la nce of the estrogen/androgen ratio was respon sibl e for a number of endometri al abnormaliti es including ca ncer (23).…”

Hormonal aspects in the causation of human breast cancer: Epidemiological hypotheses reviewed, with special reference to nutritional status and first pregnancy

“…In a series of cytohormonal investigations by de Waard et al, in clinical and epidemiological settings, the following conclusions could be drawn: a) Increased oestrogenic effects were associated with diabetes, obesity and hypertension, obesity being the prime factor responsible [7,8]. b) The effect of obesity was apparent in various racial population groups in southern Africa [8].…”