A cyclic peptide synthetase gene required for pathogenicity of the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum on maize.

Panaccione, Daniel G.; Scott-Craig, John S.; Pocard, Jean-Alain; Walton, Jonathan D.

doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6590

Cited by 159 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This finding is similar to that reported for other HST-producing fungi (Panaccione et al, 1992;Yoder et al, 1994;Ahn and Walton, 1996) and indicates that race differentiation (path+/tox+ versus path-/tox-) in this fungus may be due to the acquisition of toxin production rather than to a loss of toxin production.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Consequently, a molecular genetic analysis of their biosynthesis is complicated. The complexity of toxin production is evident from the molecular genetic analysis of the biosynthesis of HC-toxin (Panaccione et al, 1992;Ahn and Walton, 1996;Walton, 1996), the cyclic peptide toxin (Gross et al, 1982;Walton et al, 1982;Pope et al, 1983) produced by Cochliobolus carbonum, and HmT…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A single gene encodes a selective toxin causal to the development of tan spot of wheat.

1997

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The identification and characterization of pathogenicity factors are essential to an understanding of the molecular events that regulate the interaction of plant-pathogenic microbes with their hosts. We have isolated the gene that encodes a host-selective toxic protein produced by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and confirmed that this gene functions in the plant as the primary determinant of pathogenicity in the Pyrenophora-wheat interaction. These results demonstrate that a single gene encodes the production of a host-selective toxin and that transformation of this gene into a non-toxin-producing isolate of P. tritici-repentis leads to both toxin production and pathogenicity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single gene encodes a selective toxin causal to the development of tan spot of wheat.

1997

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“…Transformation-mediated gene disruption is a powerful tool for examining the role of genes in the pathogenicity of fungi on plants Herrmann et a/., 1996;Bowyer et al, 1995;Panaccione et a[., 1992;Rogers et al, 1994;Stahl et al, 1994;VanEtten et al, 1995). Gene disruption has the advantage over chemical and UV light-induced mutagenesis in that it allows for the generation of defined mutations in targeted genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration of wild-type virulence to Tri5 disruption mutants of Gibberella zeae via gene reversion and mutant complementation

1997

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Gibberella zeae is a pathogen of small grain crops and produces trichothecene mycotoxins in infected host tissue. The role of trichothecenes in the virulence of G. zeae was previously investigated using trichothecene-non-producing mutants that were generated via transformation-mediated disruption of a gene (Tris) that encodes the first enzyme in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway. The mutants were less virulent on some hosts than the wild-type strain from which they were derived. Here, we used two approaches to determine whether the reduced virulence of mutants was due specifically to Tri5 disruption or to non-target effects caused by the transformation process. First, we generated a revertant from a Tri5 disruption mutant by allowing the mutant to pass through the sexual phase of its life cycle. In approximately 2% of the resulting progeny the disrupted Tri5 had reverted to wild-type; however, only one of three revertant progeny also regained the ability to produce trichothecenes. In the second approach, we complemented the Tri5 mutation in a disruption mutant by transforming the mutant with a plasmid carrying a functional copy of TriS. In all transformants examined, the ability to produce trichothecenes was restored. The restoration of trichothecene production in the revertant progeny and in the complemented mutant was accompanied by restoration of wild-type or near wild-type levels of virulence on wheat seedlings (cultivar Wheaton). The results indicate that the reduced virulence of the mutants was caused by disruption of Tri5 rather than nontarget effects resulting from the transformation process. The results also provide further evidence that trichothecenes contribute to the virulence of plant-pathogenic fungi.

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“…TOX2 contains at least seven genes with an established or putative role in HC-toxin biosynthesis. HTS1 encodes a 570-kDa nonribosomal peptide synthetase (11,12). HTS1 is tightly clustered with TOXA, which encodes a putative HC-toxin efflux carrier (13).…”

Section: Nteractions Between Plants and Their Pathogens Frequentlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of cyclic peptide biosynthesis in a plant pathogenic fungus by a novel transcription factor

Pedley

Walton

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Strains of the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus carbonum that produce the host-selective compound HC-toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide, are highly virulent on certain genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.). Production of HC-toxin is under the control of a complex locus, TOX2, which is composed of at least seven linked and duplicated genes that are present only in toxin-producing strains of C. carbonum. One of these genes, TOXE, was earlier shown to be required for the expression of the other TOX2 genes. TOXE has four ankyrin repeats and a basic region similar to those found in basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins, but lacks any apparent leucine zipper. Here we show that TOXE is a DNA-binding protein that recognizes a ten-base motif (the ''tox-box'') without dyad symmetry that is present in the promoters of all of the known TOX2 genes. Both the basic region and the ankyrin repeats are involved in DNA binding. A region of TOXE that includes the first ankyrin repeat is necessary and sufficient for transcriptional activation in yeast. The data indicate that TOXE is the prototype of a new family of transcription factor, so far found only in plant-pathogenic fungi. TOXE plays a specific regulatory role in HC-toxin production and, therefore, pathogenicity by C. carbonum.

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A cyclic peptide synthetase gene required for pathogenicity of the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum on maize.

Cited by 159 publications

References 11 publications

A single gene encodes a selective toxin causal to the development of tan spot of wheat.

A single gene encodes a selective toxin causal to the development of tan spot of wheat.

Restoration of wild-type virulence to Tri5 disruption mutants of Gibberella zeae via gene reversion and mutant complementation

Regulation of cyclic peptide biosynthesis in a plant pathogenic fungus by a novel transcription factor

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