A cross-sectional study to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) of school going children aged 10-12 years in villages of Mysore district, India with different fluoride levels

Sebastian, Shibu Thomas; Siddanna, Sunitha

doi:10.4103/0970-4388.165682

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…30 Florun eşik değeri üzerinde alınması dental veya iskeletsel florozise neden olmasından önce ilk olarak santral sinir sistemini etkilemektedir. 19 Hayvanların içme suyundaki 3-11 ppm konsantrasyonunda yüksek flor seviyesi santral sinir sisteminde etkilere sebep olmaktadır.…”

Section: Florun Genel Sağlık üZerine Etkileriunclassified

“…31 Hayvan çalışmalarına göre, yüksek konsantrasyonda florun karaciğer, böbrek, beyin ve beyincik gibi yumuşak dokularda zararlı etkilere sebep olabildiği ve yüksek miktarda flora maruz kalma sonrasında florun santral sinir sisteminde disfonksiyona sebep olduğu bildirilmiştir. 32 Ciddi miktarlarda yüksek oranda flor kullanımının kanser oluşumu, kalça kırıkları, doğum defektleri ve nörolojik zararları desteklediği yönünde bir görüş mevcut 30 olmasına karşın, osteosarkom vakalarında kemikteki flor seviyesi yani kronik flora maruz kalma ile osteosarkom arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. 25 Yine aynı şekilde çalışma sonuçları incelendiğinde değerlendirme analizlerindeki farklılıklar yüzünden özellikle kanser ve kemik kırıkları açısından flor toksisitesi ile kesin anlamlı ilişki kurulamamıştır.…”

Section: Florun Genel Sağlık üZerine Etkileriunclassified

“…33 Çocuk, doğum öncesi dönemde annenin flor alması sonrası plasenta yoluyla veya kendi diyeti yoluyla flora maruz kalabilir. 30 Hamilelerin 2,212 mg sodyum florür içeren iki tablet (Zymafluor) kullanımından 40 dakika sonra fetuslarının kan flor seviyeleri ölçüldüğünde kullanmayan hamilelere kıyasla kan flor seviyeleri daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre uterusta süt dişlerinin gelişim dönemi olan hamileliğin beşinci ve altıncı aylarında florun plasenta bariyerinden geçebileceği söylenebilir.…”

Section: Florun Genel Sağlık üZerine Etkileriunclassified

“…Flor tarafından meydana gelen lipit peroksidasyon, nörotoksik etkilere sebep olan önemli faktörlerden biri olabilir çünkü beyin çoklu doymamış lipitlerden zengindir ve oksidatif yıkıma yatkındır. 30,32,37,[39][40][41] Yüksek flor alımı yaşamın daha ileriki dönemlerindense hayatın erken safhalarında vücuttaki antioksidan savunma sistemi üzerine daha fazla toksik etki göstermektedir. 37 Başka bir deyişle yaşamın erken dönemlerinde kronik flor toksisitesi beyinde belirgin nörodejeneratif değişimlere sebep olmakta, bu değişimler de nöral tabanlı olan öğrenme ve hafızayı etkilemektedir.…”

Section: Florun Genel Sağlık üZerine Etkileriunclassified

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Does Fluoride Have Negative Impact on Human Health?

Ergın¹,

Eden²

2017

EÜ Dişhek Fak Derg

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ÖZETFlor, minede demineralizasyonu inhibe eder ve remineralizasyonu destekler. Sistemik veya topikal olarak uygulanan flor ile asit ataklarına dirençli florapatit veya florhidroksilapatit ve kalsiyum-florür oluşumu gerçekleşmektedir. Florun sistemik uygulamasında suyun, tuzun, sütün florlanması, flor tabletleri, damlaları, topikal uygulamasında ise florlu diş macunları, gargaraları, flor jelleri ve vernikler kullanılmaktadır. Flor esas etkinliğini topikal uygulama sonrasında tükürükte ve plakta düşük miktarlarda bulunduğunda göstermektedir. Tek seferde ve toksik doz olarak kabul edilen 5 mg/kg flor alımı akut flor toksisitesine, optimal dozdan biraz daha yüksek, uzun süreli flor alınması kronik flor toksisitesine sebep olmaktadır. Kronik flor toksisitesinde dental florozis ve iskeletsel florozis görülebilmektedir. Florun kemikte birikimiyle iskeletsel deformasyon, büyümede gerilik ortaya çıkabilirken, yüksek miktarlarda kullanımı sonrasında karaciğer, böbrek, beyin ve beyincik gibi yumuşak dokularda da birikim ve zararlı etkiler oluşabilmektedir. Hayvan çalışmalarında florun yüksek dozlarda kullanımı sonrasında santral sinir sisteminde nörodejeneratif değişiklikler gösterilmiştir. Doğal içme sularında yüksek flor bulunan Hindistan, Çin gibi ülkelerde yüksek flor seviyesi ile düşük IQ'nun ilişkilendirildiği çalışmalarda zeka seviyesi (IQ)'ni etkileyen diğer faktörlerin değerlendirilmesindeki eksiklik güvenirlikleri açısından şüpheler doğurmaktadır. Bu derlemede, sistemik ve topikal flor uygulaması sonrası kan değerleri ve dolayısıyla dokularda birikimin farklılığı da dikkatle alınarak florun insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri irdelenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: flor, dental florozis, akut toksisite, kronik toksisite, zeka ABSTRACT Fluoride inhibits demineralization and promotes remineralization in enamel. Acid resistant fluorapatite, fluorhydroxyapatite, calcium-fluoride formations are seen after systemic or topical fluoride applications. Water, salt and milk fluoridation, tablets, drops are used for systemic; toothpastes, rinses, varnish, gels are used for topical administration. Fluoride shows its main activity when found in low levels in saliva and plaque after topical application. 5 mg/kg fluoride uptake is considered as toxic dose, taking long term slightly higher doses then optimal fluoride leads to chronic fluoride toxicity. Dental and skeletal fluorosis can be seen in chronic toxicity. Skeletal deformation, growth retardation occurs with bone accumulation and accumulation and adverse effects may occur in soft tissues like liver, kidney, brain and cerebellum.Neurodegenerative changes in the central nervous system has been shown in animal studies. Studies that associated high fluoride consumption and low Intelligence Quotient (IQ) levels were performed in countries like India, China with high fluoride in natural drinking water where the deficiencies in evaluating other factors in these studies doubt their reliability. Blood values and,therefore the differences in the accumulation in tissues after systemic and t...

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Section: Florun Genel Sağlık üZerine Etkileriunclassified

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Does Fluoride Have Negative Impact on Human Health?

Ergın¹,

Eden²

2017

EÜ Dişhek Fak Derg

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“…Few researchers from endemic pockets in country have tried to establish association between fluoride levels and IQ among children. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The fluoride levels in water bodies differ from region to region and are not uniform. And there is paucity of evidence in reference to fluorosis from Himalayan states of country both from national programme and independent research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does fluorosis affect the intelligence profile of children? A cross sectional analysis of school children of district Una, Himachal Pradesh, India

Sharma

Parashar²,

Singh

et al. 2018

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: The sub Himalayan region of the country does not fall in highly endemic region for fluorosis. Researchers over the world have hypothesized that high fluoride level in water is the cause of low intelligence level among children and adolescents. We aim to establish the association of high and low fluoride levels with intelligence level and oral health status of children aged 10-14 years in district Una, Himachal Pradesh.Methods: The study was conducted in randomly selected 15 government high schools of district Una. Study population included 600 students of government run schools in age group 10-14years. This ICMR funded project was carried out from 2014 through 2017. Dean fluorosis index was used to study fluorosis level and Intelligence test was conducted on students by using Raven’s standard progressive matrices questionnaire.Results: The 60% of sites studied for fluoride levels were found to have >0.5 ppm fluoride level in water and none of them with level more than 1 ppm. Prevalence of dental fluorosis was 12.2%. Dental caries and high Dental Aesthetic Index were positively associated with high fluoride level in water. Low intelligence level of adolescents was not significantly associated with high fluoride level (OR;95% CI: 1.34; 0.72-2.49).Conclusions: This sub Himalayan region is not endemic for fluorosis however lower level of fluoride is observed in many sites. Fluorosis was not significantly associated with intelligence hence indicating towards multifactorial causation of disease.

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Toxicity of fluoride: critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses

et al. 2020

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Recently, epidemiological studies have suggested that fluoride is a human developmental neurotoxicant that reduces measures of intelligence in children, placing it into the same category as toxic metals (lead, methylmercury, arsenic) and polychlorinated biphenyls. If true, this assessment would be highly relevant considering the widespread fluoridation of drinking water and the worldwide use of fluoride in oral hygiene products such as toothpaste. To gain a deeper understanding of these assertions, we reviewed the levels of human exposure, as well as results from animal experiments, particularly focusing on developmental toxicity, and the molecular mechanisms by which fluoride can cause adverse effects. Moreover, in vitro studies investigating fluoride in neuronal cells and precursor/stem cells were analyzed, and 23 epidemiological studies published since 2012 were considered. The results show that the margin of exposure (MoE) between no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) in animal studies and the current adequate intake (AI) of fluoride (50 µg/kg b.w./day) in humans ranges between 50 and 210, depending on the specific animal experiment used as reference. Even for unusually high fluoride exposure levels, an MoE of at least ten was obtained. Furthermore, concentrations of fluoride in human plasma are much lower than fluoride concentrations, causing effects in cell cultures. In contrast, 21 of 23 recent epidemiological studies report an association between high fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence. The discrepancy between experimental and epidemiological evidence may be reconciled with deficiencies inherent in most of these epidemiological studies on a putative association between fluoride and intelligence, especially with respect to adequate consideration of potential confounding factors, e.g., socioeconomic status, residence, breast feeding, low birth weight, maternal intelligence, and exposure to other neurotoxic chemicals. In conclusion, based on the totality of currently available scientific evidence, the present review does not support the presumption that fluoride should be assessed as a human developmental neurotoxicant at the current exposure levels in Europe.

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A cross-sectional study to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) of school going children aged 10-12 years in villages of Mysore district, India with different fluoride levels

Cited by 37 publications

References 1 publication

Does Fluoride Have Negative Impact on Human Health?

Does Fluoride Have Negative Impact on Human Health?

Does fluorosis affect the intelligence profile of children? A cross sectional analysis of school children of district Una, Himachal Pradesh, India

Toxicity of fluoride: critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses

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