A cross-sectional study on urogenital schistosomiasis in children; haematuria and proteinuria as diagnostic indicators in an endemic rural area of Nigeria

Morenikeji, Olajumoke A.; Quazim, Junaid; Omoregie, Claire; Hassan, A.A.; Nwuba, Roseangela I.; Anumudu, Chiaka I.; Adejuwon, S. A.; Salawu, Oyetunde T.; Jegede, Ayodele S.; Odaibo, A. B.

doi:10.4314/ahs.v14i2.15

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Inconclusive evidence has suggested S . haematobium -associated glomeruli pathology leading to proteinuria [17, 19, 32, 33]. Contrarily, our study did not show association between the occurrence of proteinuria and S .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

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Evaluation of Urine Reagent Strip as a Tool for Routine Diagnosis of Maternal Urogenital Schistosomiasis at Antenatal Clinic Visit in Munyenge, South West Region, Cameroon

Wepnje

Anchang-Kimbi

Lehman

et al. 2019

BioMed Research International

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Urine reagent strip used in detecting microhaematuria has been recommended in pregnancy for diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) during routine antenatal care (ANC). This study evaluated its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in the diagnosis of maternal UGS using filtration method as a reference test. We also assessed the variation in its performance in the diagnosis of UGS using multiple-sample collection. A total of 93 pregnant women reporting for first ANC clinic visit at any of the three functional health care centres (Munyenge Integrated Health Centre, Banga Annex Health Centre, and Trans African Health Centre) were enrolled and followed up for three consecutive monthly visits. Urine samples were observed microscopically for S. haematobium egg using urine filtration and screened for microhaematuria and proteinuria using urine reagent strips. Twenty-two (23.7%) out of the 93 women were diagnosed for UGS, all of whom showed S. haematobium egg excretion during all three visits. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the prevalence of S. haematobium infection and the prevalence of microhaematuria. The intensity of infection was significantly higher in microhaematuria-positive women compared with microhaematuria-negative cases. Sensitivity of reagent strip ranged from 54.5 to 59.1%, while specificity was above 98.0% (range: 98.6–100%). The measure of agreement between urine filtration and reagent strip method was substantial (0.61–0.8) irrespective of different sampling periods. Urine reagent strip is a moderately sensitive method in the detection of UGS and will most likely identify women with high egg load burden. Proper diagnosis of schistosomiasis during pregnancy is recommended.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…Compared with proteinuria and leukocyturia, microhaematuria is the most widely studied indicator in endemic areas with high sensitivity to S . haematobium infection [17–20]. Besides, urine reagent strips are used to aid in quick mapping surveys in endemic regions as it is rapid, easy to use, and less time consuming [21, 22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Urine Reagent Strip as a Tool for Routine Diagnosis of Maternal Urogenital Schistosomiasis at Antenatal Clinic Visit in Munyenge, South West Region, Cameroon

Wepnje

Anchang-Kimbi

Lehman

et al. 2019

BioMed Research International

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“…haematobium eggs with high specificity, this method requires trained microscopist and costly consumables, including special filter holders and filter papers that are not locally manufactured in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of hematuria to determine treatment strategies at national level has only been assessed at small scale, as one among the tools that can be applied for screening communities with high risk of schistosomiasis for morbidity control [ 10 , 13 – 15 ]. It is not well known whether hematuria would correctly identify and categorize the different endemic areas in a country into specific risk categories, as parasitologic tests do.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of different diagnostic techniques for Schistosoma haematobium to estimate treatment needs in Zimbabwe: Application of a hierarchical Bayesian egg count model

et al. 2020

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Background Treatment needs for Schistosoma haematobium are commonly evaluated using urine filtration with detection of parasite eggs under a microscope. A common symptom of S. haematobium is hematuria, the passing of blood in urine. Hence, the use of hematuria-based diagnostic techniques as a proxy for the assessment of treatment needs has been considered. This study evaluates data from a national survey in Zimbabwe, where three hematuria-based diagnostic techniques, that is microhematuria, macrohematuria, and an anamnestic questionnaire pertaining to self-reported blood in urine, have been included in addition to urine filtration in 280 schools across 70 districts. Methodology We developed an egg count model, which evaluates the infection intensity-dependent sensitivity and the specificity of each diagnostic technique without relying on a 'gold' standard. Subsequently, we determined prevalence thresholds for each diagnostic technique, equivalent to a 10% urine filtration-based prevalence and compared classification of districts according to treatment strategy based on the different diagnostic methods. Principal findings A 10% urine filtration prevalence threshold corresponded to a 17.9% and 13.3% prevalence based on questionnaire and microhematuria, respectively. Both the questionnaire and the microhematuria showed a sensitivity and specificity of more than 85% for estimating treatment needs at the above thresholds. For diagnosis at individual level, the questionnaire showed the highest sensitivity (70.0%) followed by urine filtration (53.8%) and microhematuria (52.2%).

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“…Hematuria and proteinuria have been shown to clearly be associated with urinary schistosomiasis. These indicators, including macro-and microhematuria, have been applied conveniently in community studies by using rapid-detection reagent strips in combination with demographic information obtained using questionnaires (75)(76)(77). Moreover, urine heme dipsticks have proved useful for monitoring the impact of PZQ treatment on S. haematobium in African communities and have been suggested as the recommended method for monitoring mass treatment programs for this schistosome species (78).…”

Section: Direct Parasitological Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

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A cross-sectional study on urogenital schistosomiasis in children; haematuria and proteinuria as diagnostic indicators in an endemic rural area of Nigeria

Cited by 27 publications

References 24 publications

Evaluation of Urine Reagent Strip as a Tool for Routine Diagnosis of Maternal Urogenital Schistosomiasis at Antenatal Clinic Visit in Munyenge, South West Region, Cameroon

Evaluation of Urine Reagent Strip as a Tool for Routine Diagnosis of Maternal Urogenital Schistosomiasis at Antenatal Clinic Visit in Munyenge, South West Region, Cameroon

Accuracy of different diagnostic techniques for Schistosoma haematobium to estimate treatment needs in Zimbabwe: Application of a hierarchical Bayesian egg count model

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

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