A cross-sectional study of ophthalmologic examination findings in 5385 Koreans presenting with intermittent exotropia

Abstract

The Korean Intermittent Exotropia Multicenter Study (KIEMS) was a retrospective, cross-sectional and multicenter study for the investigation of intermittent exotropia involved 65 strabismus specialists from 53 institutions in Korea. Purpose of this study was to present ophthalmologic findings of intermittent exotropia from the KIEMS. Consecutive patients with intermittent exotropia of ≥ 8 prism diopters (PD) at distance or near fixation were included. Best-corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction data, angles of deviation at several cardinal positions, ocular dominance, fusion control, oblique muscle function, and binocular sensory outcomes were collected. A total of 5385 participants (2793 females; age 8.2 years) were included. Non-dominant eye was more myopic than the dominant eye (− 0.60 vs. − 0.47 diopters, P < 0.001). Mean exodeviation angles were 23.5 PD at distance and 25.0 PD at near fixation. Basic type (86.2%) was the most, followed by convergence insufficiency (9.4%) and divergence excess (4.4%) types. Alternating ocular dominance and good fusion control were more common at near than at distance fixation. Good stereopsis at 40 cm was observed in 49.3% in Titmus stereo test (≤ 60 arcsec) and in 71.0% in Randot stereo test (≤ 63 arcsec). Intermittent exotropia was mostly diagnosed in childhood and patients with the condition showed relatively good binocular functions. This study may provide objective findings of intermittent exotropia in a most reliable way, given that the study included a large study population and investigated comprehensive ophthalmology examinations.

Enhancing Thickness Uniformity of Nb2O5/SiO2 Multilayers Using Shadow Masks for Flexible Color-Filtering Applications

“…In contrast, Nb 2 O 5 is a metal oxide with a complex structure composed of niobium and oxygen atoms, and its refractive index may be higher. This is the same argument as found in [24].…”

Ovol1/2 loss‐induced epidermal defects elicit skin immune activation and alter global metabolism

“…Lipidomics on trypsin-isolated epidermis revealed a significantly decreased production of triacylglycerol (50:3) and urocanic acid, which are known to occur with skin barrier defect (Choi & Maibach, 2005;Fluhr et al, 2010), in iDKO epidermis at 52 DPI compared with control littermates (Fig 1G and H). Decreases in other metabolites associated with cellular stress and skin barrier, such as hypoxanthine and ceramide-dihydro (d18:0/26:0; Coderch et al, 2003;Kim et al, 2017), were not statistically significant (Fig EV1C and D;Dataset EV1). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Ovol1 and Ovol2 are required in adult skin for robust epidermal barrier maintenance, proper cell-cell adhesion, and optimal terminal differentiation.…”

Self-Reported Findings of the Korean Intermittent Exotropia Multicenter Study Questionnaire

“…-KIEMS writing committee (listed in alphabetical order of last name): Seung-Hee Baek, Hee-young Choi, Dong Gyu Choi, Dae Hee Kim, Dong Cheol Lee, Se-Youp Lee, Han Woong Lim, Hyun Taek Lim, Key Hwan Lim, Won Yeol Ryu, and Hee Kyung Yang -KIEMS investigators in the KAPOS (listed in the order of number of patients contributed by each investigator): Hee-young Choi 8 , Hyun Taek Lim 9 , Jae Ho Jung 10 , Seung-Hee Baek 11 , Mi Young Choi 12 , Jeong-Min Hwang 1 , Su Jin Kim 13 , Yeon-hee Lee 14 , Sueng-Han Han 15 , Shin Hae Park 2 , Haeng-Jin Lee 3 , Sook-Young Kim 4 , Se-Youp Lee 16 , Hyo jung Gye 5 , So Young Kim 6 , Sun Young Shin 2 , Jihyun Park 17 , Won Yeol Ryu 18 , Hye Sung Park 19 , Dae Hee Kim 11 , Hae Jung Paik 20 , Dong Gyu Choi 21 , Joo Yeon Lee 22 , Hee Kyung Yang 1 , Shin Yeop Oh 23 , Soo Jung Lee 24 , Seung Ah Chung 25 , Jin Choi 26 , Sei Yeul Oh 27 , Mirae Kim 28 , Young-Woo Suh 29 , Nam Yeo Kang 30 , Hae Ri Yum 31 , Sun A Kim 32 , Hyuna Kim 33 , Jinu Han 34 , Yoonae A. Cho 5 , Hyunkyung Kim 35 , Helen Lew 36 , Dong Cheol Lee 16 , Sang Hoon Rah 37 , Yung-Ju Yoo 38 , Key Hwan Lim 7 , Hyosook Ahn 9 , Ungsoo S. Kim 11…”

“…We have described the study design and standardized protocol of the KIEMS in a previous report [ 8 ]. Comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations were performed by strabismus specialists throughout the country, providing reliable objective findings of intermittent exotropia in a large study population [ 9 ]. In this study, we presented the subjective symptoms and medical history of patients with intermittent exotropia based on a self-administered questionnaire that was collected at their initial visit according to the study protocol of the KIEMS.…”