A cross-sectional study of fatty acids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in human milk from lactating women following vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets

Perrin, Maryanne T.; Pawlak, Roman; Dean, Lisa L.; Christis, Amber; Friend, Linda L

doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1793-z

Cited by 36 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…A cross-sectional observational study of 74 lactating women following a vegan ( n = 26), vegetarian ( n = 22), or omnivore ( n = 26) diet pattern was conducted in the United States [154]. They found that breast milk from vegans had significantly higher unsaturated fat and total omega-3 fats, and lower saturated fats, trans fats, and omega-6 to omega-3 ratios than vegetarian and omnivore.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring

et al. 2019

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Vegetarian and vegan diets have increased worldwide in the last decades, according to the knowledge that they might prevent coronary heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Althought plant-based diets are at risk of nutritional deficiencies such as proteins, iron, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, omega-3, and vitamin B12, the available evidence shows that well planned vegetarian and vegan diets may be considered safe during pregnancy and lactation, but they require a strong awareness for a balanced intake of key nutrients. A review of the scientific literature in this field was performed, focusing specifically on observational studies in humans, in order to investigate protective effects elicited by maternal diets enriched in plant-derived foods and possible unfavorable outcomes related to micronutrients deficiencies and their impact on fetal development. A design of pregestational nutrition intervention is required in order to avoid maternal undernutrition and consequent impaired fetal growth.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring

et al. 2019

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“…Through the process of elongation, desaturation and beta oxidation 22:5n-6 forms from AA, using the same enzyme system needed for conversion of EPA to DHA [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. In supplemented omnivores and vegetarians, 9.4% of serum phospholipid DHA can be retro-converted to EPA [12].…”

Section: Physiological Reasons For Special Consideration-conversiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is important for VGN diet counselors to consider trans-fatty acid intake in VGNs, and researchers to determine trans-fatty acid intake and measure the trans-fatty acid biological status of VGNs. Very few VGN studies reported dietary [8,12] or biological indicators of trans-fatty acid status [12,16,39,40,41].…”

Section: Physiological Reasons For Special Consideration-conversiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the studies that reported lipid diet fractions, some indicate that VGNs consumed high intakes of ALA [12,16,22,40,41,42], lower intakes of ALA [43,44,45], or non-significant differences of ALA [9], as compared to meat-eaters/omnivores. Most studies showed significantly low to zero intakes of DHA [8,9,16,22,40,41,42,43,44,45] and EPA [9,22,43,45] in VGNs unless the VGNs took algal supplements [16] (Table 3).…”

Section: Physiological Reasons For Special Consideration-conversiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional fatty acids of interest are EPA and DHA. They are not considered to be essential since they can be converted from ALA; however, they may be of concern for VGNs, since VGN diets are typically absent of EPA and DHA unless VGNs consume supplements containing EPA and DHA [9,12,13,14,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alpha-Linolenic and Linoleic Fatty Acids in the Vegan Diet: Do They Require Dietary Reference Intake/Adequate Intake Special Consideration?

et al. 2019

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Good sources of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) include cold-water fish and seafood; however, vegan diets (VGNs) do not include animal-origin foods. Typically, US omnivores obtain enough dietary EPA and DHA, but unless VGNs consume algal n-3 supplements, they rely on endogenous production of long-chain fatty acids. VGN diets have several possible concerns: (1) VGNs have high intakes of linoleic acid (LA) as compared to omnivore/non-vegetarian diets. (2) High intakes of LA competitively interfere with the endogenous conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA and DHA. (3) High somatic levels of LA/low ALA indicate a decreased ALA conversion to EPA and DHA. (4) Some, not all VGNs meet the Dietary Reference Intake Adequate Intake (DRI-AI) for dietary ALA and (5) VGN diets are high in fiber, which possibly interferes with fat absorption. Consequently, health professionals and Registered Dietitians/Registered Dietitian Nutritionists working with VGNs need specific essential fatty acid diet guidelines. The purpose of this review was: (1) to suggest that VGNs have a DRI-AI Special Consideration requirement for ALA and LA based on VGN dietary and biochemical indicators of status and (2) to provide suggestions to ensure that VGNs receive adequate intakes of LA and ALA.

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Content of industrially produced trans fatty acids in breast milk: An observational study

Bousset‐Alféres

Chávez-Servín

Vázquez‐Landaverde

et al. 2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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Breast milk may contain industrially produced trans fatty acids (TFAs), which can affect the content of essential fatty acids (EFAs). This could have significant implications for the child's development. The fatty acids present in breast milk can be modified by adjusting the mother's diet. The objective of this study was to determine the content of industrially produced TFAs present in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk produced by mothers between 18 and 45 years of age in the state of Querétaro, Mexico, based on a longitudinal observational study. The TFA content in the breast milk of 33 lactating women was analyzed using gas chromatography. The mothers’ consumption of TFAs was also estimated by analyzing a log prepared through 24‐hr dietary recall (24HR) obtained in each period. The TFA content in the mothers’ diet was similar across the colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk phases: 1.64 ± 1.25 g, 1.39 ± 1.01, and 1.66 ± 1.13 g, respectively. The total TFA content was 1.529% ± 1.648% for colostrum; 0.748% ± 1.033% for transitional milk and 0.945% ± 1.368% for mature milk. Elaidic acid was the TFA in the highest concentration in all three types of milk. No correlation was found between the content of industrially produced TFAs in breast milk and the anthropometric measurements of the mother or between the estimated consumption of TFAs and the content of TFAs in breast milk. Elaidic acid and total content of TFAs were negatively correlated ( p < .05) with the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.394 ± 0.247) ( R = −0.382) in colostrum. The concentration of TFAs was found to correlate with the composition of EFAs in milk.

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A cross-sectional study of fatty acids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in human milk from lactating women following vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets

Cited by 36 publications

References 51 publications

The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring

The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring

Alpha-Linolenic and Linoleic Fatty Acids in the Vegan Diet: Do They Require Dietary Reference Intake/Adequate Intake Special Consideration?

Content of industrially produced trans fatty acids in breast milk: An observational study

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