A cross-sectional epidemiological study of domestic animals related to human leptospirosis cases in Nicaragua

Flores, Byron; Pérez‐Sánchez, Tania; Fuertes, Héctor; Sheleby‐Elías, Jessica; Múzquiz, José Luis; Jirón, William; Duttmann, Christianne; Halaihel, Nabil

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.031

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Besides animal infection, the zoonotic aspect of this species has been suggested. A study in Nicaragua correlated L. noguchii infection in domestic animals with cumulative incidence of human cases (Flores et al, ), and severe clinical human cases were reported in Brazil (Silva et al, ). Unlike other species, L. noguchii has not been associated with a particular host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira noguchii reveals important insights into a One Health context

Loureiro

Jaeger

Azevedo

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Leptospirosis presents a complex and dynamic epidemiology. Bovine leptospirosis has been described as a major infectious disease impairing reproductive efficiency. Although infections by Leptospira interrogans, L. santarosai and L. borgpetersenii are frequently reported in cattle, the presence of L. noguchii in these animals should not be neglected. In this study, we describe serological (MAT) and molecular characterization (rrs and secY gene sequencing, multilocus sequence typing [MLST] and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]) of eight L. noguchii strains obtained from slaughtered cows. Intraspecific genetic diversity was evaluated, and haplotype networks were constructed based on hosts and geographical localizations. Strains were characterized as belonging to serogroups Australis, Autumnalis and Panama, and molecular characterization showed a high heterogeneity of these strains. Ten different STs were found (including nine new STs and 39 novel alleles) as well as nine different pulsotypes. Two clonal complexes were found. Phylogenetic trees based on secY locus and concatenated MLST loci showed two main clusters, with sequences from the present study included in the first. In general, there was no relationship between the geographical origin and the secY phylogenetic clusters, as well as between secY phylogenetic clusters and serogroups. Molecular diversity indexes confirmed a high variability (H > 0.8). This high intraspecific variation observed may be related to differences in virulence, pathogenicity and antigenicity or even adaptability of the strains. In addition, haplotype networks clearly demonstrated the circulation of genotypes between humans and animals, confirming the zoonotic potential. The present study provides relevant data for the study of leptospirosis in the One Health context, where human, animal and environmental health is closely connected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been described causing disease in humans (Silva et al, ). Therefore, the establishment of a correlation between the infection of domestic animals and the increased incidence of human cases has been suggested (Flores et al, ). However, it has not been given due importance to it as a zoonotic pathogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira noguchii reveals important insights into a One Health context

Loureiro

Jaeger

Azevedo

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Although dogs (Calderon, Rodriguez, Mattar, & Arrieta, ; Flores et al, ; Hsu, Liu, Liu, Pan, & Lin, ; Pinto, Libonati, & Lilenbaum, ; Samir, Soliman, El‐Hariri, Abdel‐Moein, & Hatem, ; Tagliabue et al, ), cats (Chan et al, ), rats (Fresh, Tsai, Lai, & Chang, ; Samir et al, ; Tagliabue et al, ), pigs (Calderon et al, ; Chadsuthi et al, ; Flores et al, ; Lee et al, ; Pinto et al, ; Tagliabue et al, ), cattle (Chadsuthi et al, ; Flores et al, ; Samir et al, ; Tagliabue et al, ) and goats (Flores et al, ; Samir et al, ; Tagliabue et al, ) could be the potential animal source of human LS, only the percentages of pig and rat exposure were significantly higher in confirmed LS cases than those in non‐confirmed LS cases in the current study (Table ). In a study from north‐eastern Thailand, the high incidence of LS was due to agriculture and animal farming rather than rainfall and flood events (Suwanpakdee et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leptospirosis (LS), a disease caused by leptospire infection, is an important zoonosis globally and is associated with morbidity, mortality and the occurrence of large outbreaks in humans (Bharti et al, ; Costa et al, ; Levett, ; Pappas, Papadimitriou, Siozopoulou, Christou, & Akritidis, ; Victoriano et al, ). Leptospires are widely distributed in the natural environment and can infect both wild and domestic animals, including rodents, pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep and horses (Bharti et al, ; Flores et al, ). Human infection usually results from exposure to the environment, particularly soil and water, contaminated with the organism excreted from the tissue or urine of the infected animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology, characteristics and outbreaks of human leptospirosis and the association with animals in Taiwan, 2007–2014: A nationwide database study

Tsai

Lin

Lee

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Background: Leptospirosis (LS) is a neglected tropical zoonosis of global importance.A nationwide investigation of characteristics, epidemiology, risk factors and outbreak is crucial for awareness of this disease. Methods: A nationwide database of reported LS cases from October 2007 toDecember 2014 obtained from the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, was analysed. Geographic information system software was used to map the distribution of confirmed LS cases and pigs. Cross-matching with the databases of Q fever, scrub typhus and murine typhus was conducted to identify possible coinfections.Results: A total of 10,917 reported cases of LS were recorded in the database, which included 665 (6.1%) confirmed LS and 10,252 (93.9%) non-confirmed LS cases. The major residences of confirmed LS were the Kaohsiung-Pingtung (248, 37.3%) and Taipei (174, 26.2%) regions. The average annual incidence was 0.4/100,000 people. Compared with non-confirmed LS cases, confirmed LS cases had significantly higher percentages of male gender (83.6% vs. 67.9%, p < .001), high-risk occupations (farmer, animal husbandry or veterinarian) (24.8% vs. 13.7%, p < .001), residence in the Kaohsiung-Pingtung region (37.3% vs. 19.6%, p < .001) and exposure to rats (8.6% vs. 4.9%, p = .001) or pigs (9.4% vs. 1.9%, p < .001) but a lower mean age (47.8 ± 15.1 vs. 51.±18.5 years old). Rat and pig exposure trends were found in the northern and southern regions, respectively.Distribution of LS was consistent with pigs, and one outbreak associated with flooding and pigs occurred in the Pingtung region in 2009. Twenty-three and four patients with LS were coinfected with scrub typhus and Q fever, respectively. Conclusions: LS is an endemic disease in Taiwan, particularly in the Kaohsiung-Pingtung and Taipei regions. High-risk occupations and animal exposure history are important for the clinical presumptive diagnosis of LS, particularly for rats in northern Taiwan and pigs in southern Taiwan. Although uncommon, clinicians should be aware of coinfection of LS with endemic rickettsial diseases. K E Y W O R D S database analysis, epidemiology, flood, Leptospirosis, outbreak, pigs, rats, rickettsioses, Taiwan | 157 TSAI eT Al.

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“…In our opinion, there are two main reasons for the opposite spatial patterns for animals and humans. The first reason is the difference in the causes of the spread of leptospirosis in humans and animals (Flores et al, 2017;Rajala et al, 2017). The most important reasons for the widespread distribution of leptospirosis in animals in Ukraine are inadequate animal welfare, and frequent and uncontrolled movement of them from farm to farm (Malakhov et al, 2000;Sykes et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of incidence of leptospirosis among farm animals and humans in Ukraine

Ukhovskyi

Vydayko

Aliekseieva³

et al. 2018

Regul. Mech. Biosyst.

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Leptospirosis remains one of the most widespread natural-focal, zoonotic infectious diseases in the world and in Ukraine. Leptospirosis is enzootic in the entire territory of Ukraine. Cases of diseases are registered in all regions of Ukraine. We initiated a study of comparative analysis of territorial distribution of leptospirosis outbreaks among animals and incidence in humans in Ukraine covering the years 2009–2016 inclusive. This study of the incidence of leptospirosis in Ukraine shows a significant circulation of leptospirosis both among humans and animals. Among cattle herds in Ukraine the percentage of positive animals was found to be 4.2% of the surveyed population. The dominant serovars of Leptospira were kabura (12.4%) and polonica (9.5%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 5.1%, bratislava – 4.9%, copenhageni – 4.1%, grippotyphosa – 2.4%, pomona – 1.1%, canicola – 1.0%. In pigs, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 3.2%, the dominant serovars of Leptospira were bratislava (29.1%) and copenhageni (25.1%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 4.3%, canicola – 3.0%, pomona – 2.7%, grippotyphosa – 1.3%, polonica – 1.2%, kabura – 0.6%. In horses, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 9.5% of the surveyed population. The serological range of Leptospira in horses was as follows: copenhageni – 14.2%, bratislava – 12.1%, canicola – 6.8%, grippotyphosa – 4.8%, tarassovi – 4.7%, pomona – 2.1%, kabura – 1.4%, polonica – 1.3%. Analysis of the results of research indicates extensive circulation of leptospirosis among humans in Ukraine as evidenced by the percentage of humans positively responding to MAT – 12.1% of the studied samples. The etiological structure of leptospirosis cases includes all the 14 serovars of the diagnostic set. The basis of the etiological spectrum was the serovar copenhageni – 37.3%. The share of other serovars as the etiological factor of leptospirosis in humans was different in different spans of the considered period. Most frequently, those were kabura – 12.3%, grippotyphosa – 11.7%, canicola – 9.5%, pomona – 9.1%. We mapped annual incidence of leptospirosis in animals and humans. Choropleth maps of annual leptospirosis incidence and cluster maps show opposite spatial patterns for animals and humans. The highest human rates were in the western and central parts of the country while the highest animal rates were mainly in the eastern part.

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A cross-sectional epidemiological study of domestic animals related to human leptospirosis cases in Nicaragua

Cited by 27 publications

References 21 publications

Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira noguchii reveals important insights into a One Health context

Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira noguchii reveals important insights into a One Health context

The epidemiology, characteristics and outbreaks of human leptospirosis and the association with animals in Taiwan, 2007–2014: A nationwide database study

Comparative analysis of incidence of leptospirosis among farm animals and humans in Ukraine

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