A cross‐layered scheme for multichannel and reactive routing in vehicular ad hoc networks

Abstract

Recently, with the different issues encountered in road mobility, the presence and development of the Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a necessity. VANETs have various positive impacts on vehicular safety, road security, traffic management, drivers' comfort, and passengers' convenience. However, the expansion in the world's population has led to enormous traffic congestion on multiple roads. This congestion results in uncontrollable delays affecting economics, society and the environment. In this paper, we propose two routing protocols that depend on the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), differing from existing ones by introducing a new metric to select the best route from a source to a destination. In the first protocol, we choose the best route based on the maximum level of SIR at each node. Besides, we select the Backup SIR to minimize the number of SIR calculations at the channel update process. While in the second protocol, we design a hybrid Markov chain model composed of two Markov models; the first one aims at predicting the SIR value of the next round, while the second one is an analytical model that targets managing the number of channel update process. In order to validate our solution, extensive simulations are realized in considering the real scenario of the city of Beirut (Lebanon). The results show that our proposed protocols perform better with regard to overhead, packet delivery ratio, throughput and end‐to‐end delay.

Trust based multi objective honey badger algorithm to secure routing in vehicular ad-hoc networks

“…The primary cost considered in this TMOHBA is the node's trust value which includes two different trust values: direct and indirect trust values. The direct trust (DT) is the ratio between the received packets and broadcasted packets as expressed in (7). Next, the indirect trust (𝐼𝐷𝑇) is computed based on the direct trust from the target node as computed in (8).…”

“…The multiple vehicles are linked in an ad-hoc fashion to exchange useful data in VANET [4], [5]. This type of network doesn't have a stationary or fixed base station or other infrastructure support [6], [7]. The data schedule is assisted by RSUs for choosing the transmitter vehicles and/or appropriate data items for transmitting in VANET.…”

A Survey of Different VANET Routing Protocols

“…The cluster's nodes then elect a Cluster Head (CH), who is responsible for overseeing the cluster and enabling inter-cluster communication. As a result, in inter-cluster communication, the data is forwarded to the best neighbor cluster [175][176][177][178][179][180] .…”