A Cross‐cultural comparison of saturation, vividness, blackness and whiteness scales

Abstract

In a typical Euclidean three‐dimensional colour space such as CIELAB, the ‘third‐dimension’, such as CIELAB chroma, has long been criticized as being confusing and difficult to understand for naïve observers and it had relatively poor consistency in visual assessments. As an attempt to find a promising replacement to existing ‘third‐dimension’, two psychophysical experiments were conducted in this study using naïve observers. In the first experiment, 24 Korean observers assessed 48 NCS colour chips in terms of bright, light‐heavy, active‐passive, fresh‐stale, clean‐dirty, clear, boring, natural‐not natural, warm‐cool, intense‐weak, saturated, vivid‐dull, distinct‐indistinct, full‐thin and striking. According to experimental results, ‘saturated’ and ‘vivid‐dull’ were found to highly correlate with CIELAB chroma and were thus regarded as good candidates to become alternatives to existing ‘third‐dimension’. In the second experiment, 40 Korean and 68 British observers assessed more than 100 samples in terms of saturation, vividness, blackness and whiteness. Thus, observers assessed 120 samples for saturation, vividness and whiteness. For blackness, 110 samples were assessed. In both experiments, the colour samples were presented in a viewing cabinet and assessed individually. Principal component analysis identified two components that were associated with CIELAB lightness and chroma. In general, there was a similarity between the visual results of the British and Korean observers. High correlation coefficients were found for the following comparisons: predicted values of Berns' depth model versus the present ‘saturation’ response; Berns' clarity versus ‘vividness’ response; Berns' vividness versus ‘blackness’ response; and CIELAB lightness versus ‘whiteness’ response. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 203–215, 2017

An Extension of CAM16 for Predicting Size Effect and New Colour Appearance Perceptions

“…This section describes the development of new CAM16 scales of saturation, vividness, whiteness and blackness. The visual data were accumulated by Cho et al [8,9] at Leeds. There are 120 samples specified in XYZ under a fluorescent D65 simulator.…”

“…From we learned from above, equations (4) to (7) are proposed to be the baseline scales to develop new saturation (s'), vividness (V), whiteness (W) and blackness (B), respectively. Note that s' is called new saturation here to differentiate the existing s (equation (8)). All baseline equations are based on CAM16 colour coordinates (lightness J, redness-greenness aM, yellowness-blueness, bM).…”

“…The most encouraging is that the new CAM16 scales are simple and give reasonable prediction to the visual results. For the new saturation scale (equation (12)), it is much more accurate than equation (8), which had r and CV values of 0.71 and 31 respectively. Figures 3a to 3b show the plot of predictions against visual results for saturation (using equation (12)), vividness (using equation (13)), whiteness (using equation 14) and blackness (using equation (15)) respectively.…”

The relationship between container colors and the beauty benefits of skin care products

“…[19][20][21] Ackay 22 suggested that colors have different interpretations based on cultures, customs, and ethnic groups, 23 but noted that similarities also exist. A cross-cultural comparison of saturation, vividness, blackness and whiteness scales 24 revealed that Koreans and the British have a similar visual perception of color. Research on perception of color harmony in 2-piece garments showed differences between genders and age groups.…”

Análisis cromático y espectral de lacas acrílicas para retoque de pintura automotriz blanca mediante Reconocimiento de Pautas no Supervisado

“…Finalmente, debe destacarse que las preferencias de color residen en aspectos como la cultura, la edad, el sexo o incluso el tamaño del objeto por observar (Park, 2014;63 Prado-León, 2015;Cho et al, 2017a), por lo que su estudio es fundamental para atender las necesidades y preferencias de la sociedad actual (Lee et al, 2013;Michalski, 2014;Yu et al, 2017).…”