A critical review on suitability and catalytic production of butyl levulinate as a blending molecule for green diesel

Ahmad, Khwaja Alamgir; Siddiqui, Mohammad Haider; Pant, Kamal K.; Nigam, K.D.P.; Shetti, Nagaraj P.; Aminabhavi, Tejraj M.; Ahmạd, Ejaz

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.137550

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…19 Furthermore, a review of different biomass feedstock for levulinic acid production has been published, 7 highlighting the lignocellulosic biomass (terrestrial) and unconventional glucosic feedstock such as marine and freshwater algae, and bacterial sources like cyanobacteria. On the other hand, a critical review on the sustainability of n-butyl levulinate as a potential blending molecule for diesel fuel was reported by Ahmad and coworkers, 20 which shows essential characteristics such as boiling point, melting point, flash point, cetane number, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, density, and surface tension of several biorenewable molecules; in addition, positive effects have been evidenced on diesel fuel engine emissions upon blending with 20 wt% of n-butyl levulinate, such as a 55% decrease in the engine-out smoke number. Table 1 attempts to provide an update on heterogeneous catalysts that have been reported for the esterification of levulinic acid with different alcohols in 2022.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Gallego-Villada,

Alarcón,

Cerrutti

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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A Preyssler-type heteropolyacid supported on silica, synthesized and characterized by FTIR, was tested for levulinic acid (LA) esterification with n-butanol under microwave-assisted batch reaction conditions. The optimal conditions were found to be 40 mg of catalyst, a 5:1 n-butanol/LA molar ratio at 160 °C and 3 h, resulting in 77% conversion with 100% selectivity. The catalytic effect was observed at low temperatures (100 °C), and the microwave effect was observed at high temperatures (160 °C). Yield to levulinate was improved (82%) with CuSO 4 as a dehydrating agent. A kinetic study using a pseudohomogeneous reversible model (PH, E Forward = 31.60 kJ mol −1 and E Reverse = 11.53 kJ mol −1 ) and a Eley−Rideal model (ER, E = 31.06 kJ mol −1 ) provided the best fitting to the experimental data. The Preyssler-based catalyst has potential for sustainable synthesis of n-butyl levulinate, a promising fuel additive and can be used at least five times without a loss of activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Gallego-Villada,

Alarcón,

Cerrutti

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…BL is considered a promising platform molecule and promising biofuel and/or fuel additive. [ 19–21 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic modelling: Regression and validation stages, a compulsory tandem for kinetic model assessment

Leveneur

2023

Can J Chem Eng

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The development of robust and reliable kinetic models is vital to build safe, eco‐friendly, and cost‐competitive chemical processes. Establishing kinetic models for complex chemical systems such as biomass valorization is cumbersome because the kinetic modeller must test different models and fit several experimental observables (or concentrations). Usually, in chemical reaction engineering, kinetic model assessment is based solely on the regression stage outputs. The implementation of a validation stage can aid in choosing the most reliable kinetic models, essentially in the case of complex chemical systems. We studied the solvolysis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) to butyl levulinate (BL) as a model reaction constituting several consecutive and parallel reaction steps. From an existing kinetic model, we created 60 synthetic runs in batch conditions. In the first part, we tested four different models with 5 degrees of noise, and we carried out the modelling on the 60 synthetic runs. In the second part, two types of holdout methods were evaluated. In the last part, cross‐validation, namely the k‐fold method, was used. We found that the 10‐fold method allowed more efficient selection results even when the noise level was high. Besides, k‐fold allows for not scarifying experimental runs and selecting the most reliable model.

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“…Alkyl levulinates represent an outstanding class of biomass-derived chemicals which are recently attracting increasing attention due to their renewable origin and their extremely large fields of application. In particular ethyl levulinate (EL) is an efficient fuel additive but can also be employed as intermediate for the synthesis of high-added value bio-surfactants, fragrances, green solvents, food additives, with an estimated marked growth rate of 3.6% [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilisation of Ethyl Levulinate as Diesel Fuel Additive

Frigo,

Antonelli,

Francesconi

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The world is going through a radical phase of energy conversion, due to both environmental and socio-economic factors, which will lead to a progressive transition from fossil to renewable energy sources. As regards the light land transport sector (cars), the abandonment of propulsion systems based on the use of internal combustion engines (ICEs) in favour of electrification seems the preferred solution. On the contrary, for heavy land (trucks and trains), marine and air transport sectors the path to follow is not yet clear. A possible alternative to fossil fuels is certainly represented by bio-fuels, which should allow a drastic reduction of CO2 emissions and, to a lesser extent, of CO and particulate matter. The use of bio-fuels does not involve a drastic change in the systems of distribution and use of energy, as the existing infrastructures can remain unchanged. In particular, second generation bio-fuels (obtained from non-food matrices) are attracting more and more attention and, among these ones, oxygenated alcohols obtained from residual lignocellulosic biomasses appear extremely promising for the use in diesel engine. The present study analyses the utilisation of ethyl levulinate (EL), a versatile second generation bio-fuel that can be used in Diesel/gasoline engines. EL can be conveniently obtained from the sustainable one-pot acid-catalyzed conversion of waste lignocellulosic feedstocks, employing bioethanol as the solvent/reagent. EL has been tested in a small DI Diesel engine, blended up to 25% by volume with a commercial Diesel fuel, without significative changes in engine performance, moderately increasing NOx and HC emissions but significantly lowering soot and CO emissions by more than 50%.

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A critical review on suitability and catalytic production of butyl levulinate as a blending molecule for green diesel

Cited by 17 publications

References 147 publications

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Levulinic Acid Esterification with n-Butanol over a Preyssler Catalyst in a Microwave-Assisted Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study

Kinetic modelling: Regression and validation stages, a compulsory tandem for kinetic model assessment

Utilisation of Ethyl Levulinate as Diesel Fuel Additive

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