“…These heavy metals are naturally occurring elements in the earth's crust and are persistent, remaining in aqueous and terrestrial environments for extended periods [12], [27]. The term "heavy metals" generally refers to a group of metals and metalloids with densities greater than or equal to 3 g/cm 3 , which can have harmful biological effects and ecological consequences when present in sufficient concentrations [28]. The most important heavy metals include Ti, Va, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba, Ce, Pt, Au, Hg, Th, Pb, Bi, and U [29].…”