A Critical Review on Natural Fibers Modifications by Graft Copolymerization for Wastewater Treatment

Insights into the Applications of Natural Fibers to Metal Separation from Aqueous Solutions

“…Fibrous adsorbents for wastewater treatment -Modified textile fibers Fibrous ion exchangers based on fibers of cellulose, wool polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polyethylene terephtalate, and polyamide for remediation of heavy metal ions and dyes from aqueous effluents [56] -Natural and synthetic fibers Natural and synthetic fibers for oil spill treatment and removal of trace metals and dyes; representative fibrous natural and synthetic polymer adsorbents for uranium remediation in wastewaters and sea water [57,58] -Natural fibers modified by graft copolymerization Treatment for natural fibers; graft copolymerization onto natural fibers; application of grafted natural fibers for removal of heavy metal ions, dyes, other toxic pollutants; recovery of precious/ are earth metals [59] -Natural plant fibers Overview of natural fibers; fiber treatment; types of physical forms of adsorbent materials; natural plant fibers for effluent treatment; adsorption ability of agro-fiber wastes for textile industrial pollutants (dyes, heavy metal ions, oils) [60,61] -Hemp fibers Sorption removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions by different types of hemp fibers; the applicability of sorbents based on hemp fibers for water and wastewater treatment [62] -Data palm surface fiber Types and characteristics of data palm fibers; performances of data palm surface fiber in the removal of pollutants (acid and basic dyes, heavy metals, pesticides, oils) from wastewaters [63] -Kapok fibers Pretreatments and surface modification of kapok fibers; heavy metal and dye adsorption on modified kapok fibers [64] -Luffa fibers Effective parameters in adsorption; characteristics of Luffa and its derivations; Luffa, its composites, preparation, and comparisons with other adsorbents [65] Adsorbents based on a certain type of natural fiber precursor biomaterial -Hemp Biosorption, a useful decontamination process for contaminant removal; hemp-based materials (raw, modified, impregnated, carbonized, composite) as biosorbents of metals [66][67][68] -Cotton Isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and reusability of unmodified and surface-modified cotton-based adsorbents for heavy metals trapping [69] -Oil palm The achievements of oil palm biomass (trunks, fronds, leaves, empty fruit bunches, shells, etc.) to the removal of dyes, pesticides, heavy metals, phenolic compounds, various gaseous pollutants [70][71][72] -Luffa cylindrica Luffa cylindrica-based materials for adsorption of toxic metals, dyes, and emerging pollutant [73] -Keratinous materials General characteristics of keratins; extraction of keratins and fabrication of materials; mechanism of pollutant removal; electrostatic characteristics of keratin materials; removal of oily substances; removal of metal ions; regene...…”

“…The main properties of biofibers are summarized in Table 2. The natural plant fibers have many similar properties, while the specificity of the proteins listed in Table 2 leads to significant differences between the characteristics of each animal fiber [59]. The presence of keratins, which are more sensitive to chemical attack and harsh environmental conditions than cellulose, weakens the properties of natural fibers of animal origin [101].…”

“…In addition, because of the remarkable ability of natural raw fibers to be subjected to various treatments, the improvement in the surface properties such as those listed in Table 3 can be imparted to the biofibers as well as other desirable properties for maximum biosorption performance. The treatment methods that can be used to modify the properties of biofibers have been ordered as follows: (i) physical methods; (ii) chemical methods; (iii) biological methods [59]. As can be seen from the numerous reviews on this topic, the physical and chemical methods are the most popular [2,69,74,75,107,135,136].…”

Converting polyolefin fibres into CO2 adsorbent by radiation induced grafting

“…These ionic groups have strong affinity that can enhance the adsorption capacity of the material for targeted pollutants. For example, functional groups such as sulfonate (-SO3H), carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH) or amino (-NH2) groups can be incorporated onto the surface imparting ionic moieties [6].…”

Flame Retardancy of Short Flax Fibers Modified by Radiation-Induced Grafting of Phosphonated Monomers: Comparison between Pre- and Simultaneous Irradiation Grafting

“…This technique involves using functional monomers to obtain grafted polymer chains, producing a material with improved physico-chemical properties while retaining its intrinsic characteristics. To do so, several methodologies may be used [ 15 ]. Among them, radiation-induced grafting is an appealing method.…”