A critical review on environmental presence of pharmaceutical drugs tested for the covid-19 treatment

Nippes, Ramiro Picoli; Macruz, Paula Derksen; Silva, Gabriela Nascimento da; Scaliante, Mara Heloísa Neves Olsen

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.040

Cited by 75 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 189 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…Pollution clean-up is concerned with decreasing the levels of pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices after a contamination event. Wastewater treatment plants are the most used pollution clean-up approaches (Ramiro et al 2021 ; Abhradeep et al 2021 ). The removal efficiency of COVID-19 related pharmaceuticals is low following primary and secondary treatment, but can be high following tertiary treatment.…”

Section: Ecotoxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review

et al. 2022

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The outbreak of the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced an unprecedented increase in the use of several old and repurposed therapeutic drugs such as veterinary medicines, e.g. ivermectin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, protein and peptide therapeutics, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and antimalarial drugs, antiretrovirals, analgesics, and supporting agents, e.g. azithromycin and corticosteroids. Excretion of drugs and their metabolites in stools and urine release these drugs into wastewater, and ultimately into surface waters and groundwater systems. Here, we review the sources, behaviour, environmental fate, risks, and remediation of those drugs. We discuss drug transformation in aquatic environments and in wastewater treatment systems. Degradation mechanisms and metabolite toxicity are poorly known. Potential risks include endocrine disruption, acute and chronic toxicity, disruption of ecosystem functions and trophic interactions in aquatic organisms, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: Ecotoxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review

et al. 2022

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“…In both studies, antivirals against HIV and Hepatitis B virus were the most widely used antivirals. On the other hand, the pandemic due to COVID-19 increased the consumption of antivirals such as remdesivir, oseltamivir, favipiravir, remdesivir among others and antiparasitics such as ivermectin [12,42].…”

Section: Human Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, Bortone et al [11] reported an increase in antimicrobial consumption of 65% between 2000 and 2015. Recently, the pandemic due to COVID-19 has dramatically favored the large-scale use of a group of antimicrobials for therapeutic purposes (azithromycin, ivermectin, remdesivir, favipiravir, among others) [12]. Therefore, monitoring of antimicrobial drugs is necessary for the development of guidelines to enable their regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Effects of Antimicrobials Drugs in Aquatic Ecosystems

et al. 2021

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Currently, thanks to the development of sensitive analytical techniques, the presence of different emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems has been evidenced; however, most of them have not been submitted to any regulation so far. Among emerging contaminants, antimicrobials have received particular attention in recent decades, mainly due to the concerning development of antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria, but little is known about the toxicological and ecological impact that antimicrobials can have on aquatic ecosystems. Their high consumption in human and veterinary medicine, food-producing animals and aquaculture, as well as persistence and poor absorption have caused antimicrobials to be discharged into receiving waters, with or without prior treatment, where they have been detected at ng-mg L−1 levels with the potential to cause effects on the various organisms living within aquatic systems. This review presents the current knowledge on the occurrence of antimicrobials in aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing their occurrence in different environmental matrixes and the effects on aquatic organisms (cyanobacteria, microalgae, invertebrates and vertebrates).

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“…Once HCQ has a high potential to persist, bioaccumulate, and transfer to living organisms, even in small quantities, the concern becomes greater, given the large amount of wastewater contaminated with hydroxychloroquine, which can reach aquatic matrices, persisting in the environment and causing damage to living beings (Dabić et al, 2019 ; Gosu et al, 2016 ; Howard and Muir, 2011 ; Ramesh et al, 2018 ). This perspective leads to studying efficient and low-cost processes that can eliminate these compounds (Nippes et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxychloroquine Adsorption in Aqueous Medium Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite

Nippes

Macruz

Molina

et al. 2022

Water Air Soil Pollut

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The presence of drugs on a large scale in aquatic matrices raises concern and requires the study of efficient technologies to remove these compounds. This study investigated the adsorption capacity of the natural zeolite clinoptilolite (CP) in removing the drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Zeolite was characterized by BET, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and pH pzc techniques. The kinetic model that best fits the experimental data was the pseudo-first-order and the SIPS isotherm provided the best fit. The Langmuir isotherm RL separation factor (> 0.01) indicated that the adsorption process was favorable and the Freundlich isotherm ( n > 1) suggested that the adsorption mechanism occurred mainly by physisorption, with intraparticle diffusion as the step limiting the process. The process was spontaneous (ΔG° ads < 0), endothermic (ΔH° ads > 0), and with increased randomness at the solid-solution interface (ΔS° ads > 0). The initial pH variation of the effluent was not favorable for the adsorption process and the zeolite was easily regenerated for later use. The ecotoxicological tests with Artemia salina and Lactuca Sativa proved that the final effluent did not show toxicity after the adsorption treatment. Based on the results obtained in this work, clinoptilolite zeolite is a potential adsorbent for reducing HCQ toxicity in aquatic matrices. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-05787-3.

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A critical review on environmental presence of pharmaceutical drugs tested for the covid-19 treatment

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 75 publications

References 189 publications

COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review

COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review

Occurrence and Effects of Antimicrobials Drugs in Aquatic Ecosystems

Hydroxychloroquine Adsorption in Aqueous Medium Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite

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