A critical review of the current knowledge regarding the biological impact of nanocellulose

Endes, Carola; Camarero‐Espinosa, Sandra; Mueller, Silvana; Foster, E. Johan; Petri‐Fink, Alke; Rothen‐Rutishauser, Barbara; Weder, Christoph; Clift, Martin J. D.

doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0230-9

Cited by 200 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Cellulose, the most abundant renewable biopolymer, has been incorporated into a wide range of consumer products in various forms. Cellulose's unique characteristics include, but are not limited to, surface chemical reactivity, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and mechanical properties [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Nanocellulose, as an example of cellulose forms, is produced after raw cellulosic material has undergone chemical and/or mechanical processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanocellulose, as an example of cellulose forms, is produced after raw cellulosic material has undergone chemical and/or mechanical processes. Nanocellulose is typically classified into three major categories: 1) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), 2) nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and 3) bacterial cellulose (BC) [3][4][5][6]8]. NFC, the raw material used in this research, is typically produced from kraft bleached pulps using a mechanical and/or enzymatic treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Acetaminophen Release from Biodegradable Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) and Nanocellulose Films Using a Multiphase Release Mechanism

2020

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Biodegradable polymers hold great therapeutic value, especially through the addition of additives for controlled drug release. Nanocellulose has shown promise in drug delivery, yet usually requires chemical crosslinking with harsh acids and solvents. Nanocellulose fibrils (NFCs) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidized nanocellulose fibrils (TNFCs) with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) could be aqueously formulated to control the release of model drug acetaminophen over 144 h. The release was evaluated with a multiphase release mechanism to determine which mechanism(s) contribute to the overall release and to what degree. Doing so indicated that the TNFCs in PVA control the release of acetaminophen more than NFCs in PVA. Modeling showed that this release was mostly due to burst release-drug coming off the immediate surface, rather than diffusing out of the matrix.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Acetaminophen Release from Biodegradable Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) and Nanocellulose Films Using a Multiphase Release Mechanism

2020

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“…Various types of fillers are used to this end, for example metal oxides, calcium carbonate, glass fibers, carbon black, graphene, or noble metals . As a result of their low density, high mechanical strength, stiffness and aspect ratio, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as an attractive reinforcing filler with the added benefits of low environmental impact and origin from renewable resources, thus contributing toward reducing global dependence on petrochemicals . CNCs can be obtained by extraction from a wide variety of sources including wood, cotton, tunicates, banana, or bacterial sources, among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals made by co‐precipitation

Natterodt

Shirole

Sapkota

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A premixing method to produce polymer nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is reported. This method involves the dissolution and dispersion of a polymer and CNCs in an organic solvent, co‐precipitation into water, drying of the resulting particles, and subsequent melt processing. The key aspect of the method is that it allows the kinetic trapping of well‐dispersed CNCs in the polymer. Although the nanocomposite must be dried before subsequent melt‐processing, the organic solvent can be removed by extraction in water and recycled, leaving only residual water in the composite, which is easily eliminated. This process presents numerous advantages compared with the time‐consuming solvent casting process, which often suffers from incomplete organic solvent evaporation. As a testbed, polyurethane (PU) composites with up to 30% of CNCs were prepared. These materials were either melt‐processed as produced or used as a masterbatch, i.e., they were diluted via melt‐mixing with neat polymer toward nanocomposites with lower filler content. All nanocomposites prepared using this approach had a homogeneous appearance. They displayed similar mechanical properties as the corresponding reference materials made by solvent casting, and significantly better properties than materials prepared by direct melt mixing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45648.

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“…Through this work, we learned how to process polymer/nanocellulose composites, and launched many joint, and also independent projects on such materials. While Chris has moved from investigating the physiological aspects of CNCs to melt‐processing CNCs and CNC‐based templates for tissue engineering to leaf cuticle inspired membranes and bio‐inspired actuators, Stuart has worked on squid beak mimetic polymers, isolating nanocellulose from Miscanthus x. Giganteus, CNC stabilized emulsions and latexes, CNC‐based adhesives and foams . Together we currently entertain a joint research program on the investigation of one‐component nanocomposites based on polymer‐decorated CNCs.…”

Section: What Are Stimuli‐responsive Polymers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Chemistry, Materials Science, Inspiration from Nature, and Serendipity to Develop Stimuli‐Responsive Polymeric Materials

Rowan

Weder

2019

Israel Journal of Chemistry

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Neither of us can remember people talking about stimuli‐responsive polymers when we were students. Even though this was still in the last century, it was almost 70 years after Staudinger's seminal paper “Über Polymerisation”![1] By the time we entered graduate school in the early 1990 s, the first papers on polymer light emitting diodes appeared, while research on electrically conducting, nonlinear optical, and other “functional” polymers was already in full swing. Looking back, there were some stimuli‐responsive materials that were around at the time,[2–6] but it took the better part of the last 30 years until the field had developed into what we think is one of the most vibrant areas of polymer science.[8–12] Before the potential usefulness of this class of materials was recognized, researchers were focused on developing polymeric materials that would not respond to external influences, and in fact maintain (in particular) their mechanical properties in a wide range of environments. This has led to the development of many environmentally robust polymers, which have come to impact basically every aspect of our daily life. Ironically, this long‐sought stability now comes back to haunt us in the form of plastic pollution, but this is another story. The concept of materials that adapt their properties in response to changing environmental conditions might appear like a complete reversal with respect to the original goals of creating stable materials. However, eventually a) it was recognized that materials that respond to a specific stimulus in a predictable and useful manner would significantly broaden the potential usefulness of polymers, and b) the field of polymer science had developed to the point where the rational design, preparation, and characterization of such materials became possible. The expression ‘stimuli‐responsive polymer’ had been first used in the 1980’s, however its use really only gained popularity a few decades later. In the early days, terms such as environmentally‐sensitive or environmentally‐responsive polymers, stimuli‐reversible or stimuli‐sensitive polymers, or polymers with phase transitions have also been used.

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A critical review of the current knowledge regarding the biological impact of nanocellulose

Cited by 200 publications

References 89 publications

Evaluation of Acetaminophen Release from Biodegradable Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) and Nanocellulose Films Using a Multiphase Release Mechanism

Evaluation of Acetaminophen Release from Biodegradable Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) and Nanocellulose Films Using a Multiphase Release Mechanism

Polymer nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals made by co‐precipitation

Combining Chemistry, Materials Science, Inspiration from Nature, and Serendipity to Develop Stimuli‐Responsive Polymeric Materials

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