A critical review of the performance evaluation and optimization of grid interactions between zero-energy buildings and power grids

Zhang, Wenjie; Yan, Chengchu; Xu, Yizhe; Fang, Jiaojiao; Pan, Yan

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2022.104123

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…[9] Therefore, smart buildings and zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) have been proposed to meet the demands of a sustainable energy economy. [10,11] Smart buildings are heavily equipped with IoT applications that require a significant amount of power to operate. [12,13] Hence, smart buildings and ZEBs need building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible and Transparent Photovoltaic‐Based Broadband Photocommunication Window

Kumar

Lee

Patel

et al. 2023

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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Smart buildings and near‐zero‐energy buildings require building integrated photovoltaic systems to minimize energy consumption and achieve photocommunication. Windows can be the next replaceable entity in smart buildings with smart photocommunication windows. It can provide a novel means of wireless and secured communication. The transparent photovoltaics (TPV) based photocommunication window can also produce on‐site power to provide power to run applications of internet of things. A TPV device can be used as the receiver to collect the encoded signals, and its physical flexibility is imperative to its installation on any curved surfaces. In this work, a Ga2O3/Cu2O heterojunction‐based flexible TPV (FTPV) that acts as a photocommunication window to sense Morse code‐embedded photosignals is developed and power is produced. The FTPV provides a high open‐circuit voltage of 613 mV with an average visible transmittance of 52.3%. The device is capable of detecting broadband photoresponses in the range from UV to NIR. The FTPV also remains highly robust after a number of cycles of bending and continues to record Morse code signals over a wide range of broadband photosignals. It also has an ultra‐UV‐blocking feature that makes it suitable for use to prevent chronic diseases caused by exposure to UV radiation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible and Transparent Photovoltaic‐Based Broadband Photocommunication Window

Kumar

Lee

Patel

et al. 2023

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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“…In the context of buildings' high energy consumption, it is essential to promote the development of distributed renewable energy sources to decarbonize building energy systems [3,4]. Conventional buildings only rely on importing electricity from the public grid, while zero-energy houses (ZEHs) can use on-site energy sources as well as grid imports to meet the energy demand [5]. The basic ways to achieve ZEHs can be summarized as minimizing demand from buildings and maximizing consumption of variable renewable energy resources [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Photovoltaic-Battery System Scheduling in an Existing Zero-Energy House Based on Reinforcement Learning Control

et al. 2023

Energies

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The development of distributed renewable energy resources and smart energy management are efficient approaches to decarbonizing building energy systems. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a data-driven control algorithm that trains a large amount of data to learn control policy. However, this learning process generally presents low learning efficiency using real-world stochastic data. To address this challenge, this study proposes a model-based RL approach to optimize the operation of existing zero-energy houses considering PV generation consumption and energy costs. The model-based approach takes advantage of the inner understanding of the system dynamics; this knowledge improves the learning efficiency. A reward function is designed considering the physical constraints of battery storage, photovoltaic (PV) production feed-in profit, and energy cost. Measured data of a zero-energy house are used to train and test the proposed RL agent control, including Q-learning, deep Q network (DQN), and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) agents. The results show that the proposed RL agents can achieve fast convergence during the training process. In comparison with the rule-based strategy, test cases verify the cost-effectiveness performances of proposed RL approaches in scheduling operations of the hybrid energy system under different scenarios. The comparative analysis of test periods shows that the DQN agent presents better energy cost-saving performances than Q-learning while the Q-learning agent presents more flexible action control of the battery with the fluctuation of real-time electricity prices. The DDPG algorithm can achieve the highest PV self-consumption ratio, 49.4%, and the self-sufficiency ratio reaches 36.7%. The DDPG algorithm outperforms rule-based operation by 7.2% for energy cost during test periods.

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“…• The interaction between an NZEB and the power grid, termed grid interaction, is affected by the variability of RE sources, leading to unpredictability. Climate change further complicates measuring this interaction, necessitating a dependable predictive framework to manage such uncertainties effectively [115].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Harnessing Renewable Energy Synergies for Achieving Urban Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Technologies, Performance Evaluation, Policies, Challenges, and Future Direction

Noh,

Jafarinejad,

Anand

2024

Sustainability

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As urbanization continues to accelerate globally, energy demand in cities is reaching unprecedented levels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. In response, the concept of net-zero energy building (NZEB) is becoming a sustainable solution for urban energy needs. NZEB aims to achieve a net-zero energy footprint by balancing the energy it consumes with the energy it produces, primarily from renewable energy (RE) sources. This comprehensive literature review-based study explores the role of RE synergies in the context of urban NZEBs, including discussions on definition and development of NZEBs, RE-synergies for achieving NZEBs, sustainable trends and clusters of NZEBs, climate change impacts on NZEBs, their performance evaluation, policy and regulatory frameworks, and challenges and possible solutions related to NZEBs. It has been identified that while customizing NZEB definitions to align with regional energy supply and demand is important, the same is highly dependent on building architectural and micro-climate features. The assessment of climate change effects and NZEB practices should involve evaluating building energy equilibrium, occupant comfort, and interactions with the energy grid. There are still some technical, policy, and socio-economic challenges that need more attention to provide comprehensive solutions for further enhancing the sustainable development/performance of NZEBs and achieving their goal.

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A critical review of the performance evaluation and optimization of grid interactions between zero-energy buildings and power grids

Cited by 23 publications

References 140 publications

Flexible and Transparent Photovoltaic‐Based Broadband Photocommunication Window

Flexible and Transparent Photovoltaic‐Based Broadband Photocommunication Window

Performance Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Photovoltaic-Battery System Scheduling in an Existing Zero-Energy House Based on Reinforcement Learning Control

A Review on Harnessing Renewable Energy Synergies for Achieving Urban Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Technologies, Performance Evaluation, Policies, Challenges, and Future Direction

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