A critical review of biogas production and usage with legislations framework across the globe

Abstract

This review showcases a comprehensive analysis of studies that highlight the different conversion procedures attempted across the globe. The resources of biogas production along with treatment methods are presented. The effect of different governing parameters like feedstock types, pretreatment approaches, process development, and yield to enhance the biogas productivity is highlighted. Biogas applications, for example, in heating, electricity production, and transportation with their global share based on national and international statistics are emphasized. Reviewing the world research progress in the past 10 years shows an increase of ~ 90% in biogas industry (120 GW in 2019 compared to 65 GW in 2010). Europe (e.g., in 2017) contributed to over 70% of the world biogas generation representing 64 TWh. Finally, different regulations that manage the biogas market are presented. Management of biogas market includes the processes of exploration, production, treatment, and environmental impact assessment, till the marketing and safe disposal of wastes associated with biogas handling. A brief overview of some safety rules and proposed policy based on the world regulations is provided. The effect of these regulations and policies on marketing and promoting biogas is highlighted for different countries. The results from such studies show that Europe has the highest promotion rate, while nowadays in China and India the consumption rate is maximum as a result of applying up-to-date policies and procedures.

Biogas Production and Applications in the Sustainable Energy Transition

“…Biogas can be made from different biomass like poultry droppings, agricultural crop wastes, and cattle manure by controlled anaerobic degradation. Produced biogas can be processed further and concentrated to produce biomethane which can be injected into natural gas pipelines [16]. Biogas which is a byproduct of microbial metabolism can be used in its raw form for heat and power generation or can be upgraded to biomethane and for production of valueadded chemicals for energy and industrial process application [8].…”

Reactor Design for Biogas Production-A Short Review

“…Treatment is improved due to increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge). In a study, a hybrid biological reactor (HBR) was constructed, which could add carriers to the aeration tanks to introduce a new phase of attached biomass into a standard suspended-growth system (active sludge process) [33].…”

“…To build any anaerobic digester, we must first address the three main requirements: producing a large volume of high-quality biogas; being able to manage a high organic loading rate continuously; having a short hydraulic retention period to reduce reactor volume. Multistage systems, batch, continuous onestage systems, and continuous two-stage systems are the most common types of digesters used in the industry [33].…”

Storage and Upgrading of Biogas by Physicochemical Purification in a Sudano-Sahelian Context

“…Biogas is not typically produced at the time it is needed or in the quantity needed to satisfy the conversion system load that it serves [22]. Therefore, compression and storage of biogas is a necessity in order to smooth out variations in gas production, gas quality, and gas consumption [23,24]. The storage component also acts as a reservoir, allowing downstream equipment to operate at a constant pressure [25,26].…”