A critical re-examination of sexual dimorphism in the corpus callosum microstructure

Autism Attenuates Sex Differences in Brain Structure: A Combined Voxel-Based Morphometry and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

“…5 Our results concerning differences between control males and females in white matter volume and FA are concordant with existing literature. 8,10,[15][16][17] No sex difference was found for total gray matter volume, which previous studies have inconsistently reported to be larger in males. 11,12 We found a significant interaction in the anatomy of the right inferior parietal lobe, which had increased gray matter volume in males versus females for controls but not patients with AS.…”

“…[12][13][14][15] DTI studies measuring FA indicate higher white matter density in the CC, cingulum bundle, and thalamocortical projection fibers in males. 16,17 On the other hand, subtle neuroanatomic abnormalities have been reported for ASCs across many brain regions, including frontal, parietal, limbic areas, basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] In some investigations, total brain volume 26,27 and amygdala volume 27,28 are identified as abnormal.…”

Sex hormonal modulation of interhemispheric transfer time

“…There is still debate, however as to whether sex differences in the marco-and microanatomy of the corpus callosum exist and, if they do, what their functional relevance is (e.g. Bishop & Wahlsten, 1997;Westerhausen et al, 2011). …”

Reprint of “Structural and functional correlates of epileptogenesis — Does gender matter?"

“…Whether the higher tendency for generalization in men can be ascribed to gender differences in interhemispheric connections via corpus callosum (CC) is currently uncertain. Even if several studies suggest that CC is larger in men (especially in the genu CC) (Westerhausen et al, 2011), others are arguing in the opposite direction and recent report from Luders et al (2014) suggests that individual differences in brain size account for apparent sex differences in the anatomy of the corpus callosum rather than the biological sex.…”

“…Women seem also to have generally thicker cortex (reflecting dendritic connections, neuronal size and packing), particularly in the motor strip, and the occipital and parietal lobes (Luders et al, 2006;Savic and Arver, 2013). In contrast, the white matter connections between cortical regions are found to be stronger in men, as shown in higher fractional anisotropy (FA) values (reflecting myelinization, the axonal size, and packing) in, for example, the corticospinal tract and the thalamic radiation (Allen et al, 2011;Filippi et al, 2013;Gong et al, 2011;Hsu et al, 2008;Oh et al, 2007;Rametti et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2014;Westerhausen et al, 2011). These findings might suggest a higher local clustering in women, and more long distance connections in men, with potential implications for the prevalence and expression in several disorders of cerebral connections, including epilepsy.…”