A Critical Evaluation of the Present Status of Toxicity of Aminoxyl Radicals

Sosnovsky, George

doi:10.1002/jps.2600810603

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…However, little or no toxic effect has been recorded so far using these compounds. [239][240][241][242][243] For paramagnetic particulate materials, initial clinical 68 for details studies have already begun using India ink, which has been used in humans without toxicity for several centuries. 181,182 The first clinical trial, which was approved and begun at Dartmouth Medical School, will use India ink as an oxygen sensor.…”

Section: Biocompatibility Of the Oxygen Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of tumor oxygenation by electron paramagnetic resonance: principles and applications

2004

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This review paper attempts to provide an overview of the principles and techniques that are often termed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry. The paper discusses the potential of such methods and illustrates they have been successfully applied to measure oxygen tension, an essential parameter of the tumor microenvironment. To help the reader understand the motivation for carrying out these measurements, the importance of tumor hypoxia is first discussed: the basic issues of why a tumor is hypoxic, why these hypoxic microenvironments promote processes driving malignant progression and why hypoxia dramatically influences the response of tumors to cytotoxic treatments will be explained. The different methods that have been used to estimate the oxygenation in tumors will be reviewed. To introduce the basics of EPR oximetry, the specificity of in vivo EPR will be discussed by comparing this technique with NMR and MRI. The different types of paramagnetic oxygen sensors will be presented, as well as the methods for recording the information (EPR spectroscopy, EPR imaging, dynamic nuclear polarization). Several applications of EPR for characterizing tumor oxygenation will be illustrated, with a special emphasis on pharmacological interventions that modulate the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the challenges for transposing the method into the clinic will also be discussed.

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Section: Biocompatibility Of the Oxygen Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of tumor oxygenation by electron paramagnetic resonance: principles and applications

2004

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“…27 These radicals are stable, non-toxic as well as non-mutagenic and can be used for mild and selective oxidation of primary alcohols as the oxidation of secondary alcohols is signicantly slower. 27,28 Other examples include e.g. 4-acetamido-TEMPO, 29 2-azaadamantane N-oxyl (AZADO), 30 or phtalimide-N-oxyl (PINO).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooxidant-free TEMPO-mediated oxidation of highly crystalline nanocellulose in water

et al. 2014

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“…The nitroxide free radical (NFR) PCA was used in the present PEDRI study since it has been found to be one of the most stable NFRs in vivo (11,12) and in vitro (13), with relatively low toxicity (14,15) and is not mutagenic (15). In addition, there is a strong coupling between the unpaired electron of its nitroxide group and surrounding water protons, yielding excellent PEDRI properties (16).…”

Section: Pcamentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemically induced analgesic nephropathy in the rat monitored by proton‐electron double‐resonance imaging (PEDRI)

Seimenis

Foster

Lurie

et al. 1998

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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Proton-electron double-resonance imaging (PEDRI) was used to assess renal function by monitoring the flow of the exogenous nitroxide free radical proxyl carboxylic acid (PCA) through normal and injured kidneys in the living rat. Kidney damage was induced by treatment with 2-bromoethylamine (BEA), which provides a well established model for human analgesic nephropathy. PCA clearance rates for liver, abdominal blood vessels, and renal tissues were determined from serial PEDRI images of normal rats (n = 6) and rats treated with BEA (n = 21). Different groups of BEA-treated animals were imaged on day 4 (n = 6), day 6 (n = 6), and day 9 (n = 9) after treatment. In BEA-treated rats, there was an increase in PCA half-life in all tissues studied. This increase was greatest in the kidney tissues and the effect progressed with time after treatment. The effect is probably due to BEA-induced damage to the tubules in the renal cortex and may not be related to the primary lesions in the renal medulla.

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A Critical Evaluation of the Present Status of Toxicity of Aminoxyl Radicals

Cited by 29 publications

References 5 publications

Assessment of tumor oxygenation by electron paramagnetic resonance: principles and applications

Assessment of tumor oxygenation by electron paramagnetic resonance: principles and applications

Cooxidant-free TEMPO-mediated oxidation of highly crystalline nanocellulose in water

Chemically induced analgesic nephropathy in the rat monitored by proton‐electron double‐resonance imaging (PEDRI)

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