A critical evaluation of the performance of triphenylphosphine and N, N'-diphenylthiourea in solvent extraction concentration of precious metals for ICAP-AES analysis

Microwave-assisted cloud point extraction of Rh, Pd and Pt with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole as preconcentration procedure prior to ICP-MS analysis of pharmaceutical products

“…For an extraction procedure attention must be paid to the inertness of the initial chloro-complexes which increases in the order: Pd (II), Pt (II), Pt (IV), Rh (III). 12 The exchange of chloride ions with organic ligands was accelerated by: i) conductive/convective heating; 13,14 ii) addition of reducing agents (KI, 15,16 SnCl 2 14,17 ); or iii) a combination of both. 13,18 Microwaves and ultrasound energy have been used to speed up some chemical processes.…”

“…12 The exchange of chloride ions with organic ligands was accelerated by: i) conductive/convective heating; 13,14 ii) addition of reducing agents (KI, 15,16 SnCl 2 14,17 ); or iii) a combination of both. 13,18 Microwaves and ultrasound energy have been used to speed up some chemical processes. 19,20 Therefore, it is reasonable to expect a stimulation of the complex formation and faster migration of the extractable species into the micelles if CPE is assisted by microwave or ultrasound irradiation which motivated the present study.…”

Introduction of organic solvents into inductively coupled plasmas by ultrasonic nebulization with cryogenic desolvation

“…15 mm above load coil Cetac U-5000 ultrasonic nebulizer current setting = 5.5 (arbitrary units) heater temperature: as indicated A number of investigators have demonstrated that special conditions are required for operation of an ICP with volatile organic solvents (1,6,11). These conditions depend both upon the solvent load and upon the nature of the pyrolysis products formed as the solvent molecules dissociate in the plasma (4,6,12).…”

“…Plasma operation when organic solvents are nebulized usually requires an increase in forward power compared to typical conditions for aqueous solutions. Higher power may degrade the ICP torch or reduce the lifetime of the power tube in the ICP generator (11). Also, carbon deposition on the inner tube of the torch can interrupt plasma operation (5,6,8,11,12) and molecular band emission is more severe (10) when organic solvents are nebulized.…”

“…Physics; Sprlnger-Verlag, Berlin, in press. (11) Ling, Y.-C.; Bernlus, . T.; Morrison, G. H. J. Chem.…”