“…Enriching and complicating the larger picture of what is known about pre-service teacher education and content area literacy is research that demonstrates the multiple challenges connected to the education of PSTs and their attitudes towards literacy in general, and to infusing literacy into their instructional practices. Studies have shown that PSTs' conceptions of literacy are shaped by inflexible attitudes towards literacy (Bean, 1997;Draper, 2002), a lack of belief in capability and responsibility for teaching students to read (Mallette, Readence, McKinney, & Smith, 2000;Nierstheimer, Hopkins, & Schmitt, 1996;Scharlach, 2008), limited use and understanding of metacognitive strategies as part of their own reading practices (Lesley, Watson, & Elliot, 2007), and prior school experiences informing PSTs' identities and expectations for literacy in content area classrooms with an inclination to replicate traditional models of learning (Lesley, 2011).…”