A critical analysis of stalking theory and implications for research and practice

Abstract

This article comprehensively reviews and critiques theories providing an aetiological account of stalking. We evaluate applications of preexisting psychological theories to stalking (attachment theory, evolutionary theory, social learning theory, information processing models of aggression, coercive control theory, and behavioural theory) as well as the only novel theory of stalking to date: Relational goal pursuit theory. Our aim was to identify which are supported by research, identify gaps in theoretical scope and explanatory depth and examine how current theories might inform clinical practice. This evaluation suggests that theories of stalking are underdeveloped relative to other areas of forensic clinical psychology and the theoretical literature is relatively stagnant. Consequently, there is limited research into clinically meaningful constructs that can guide the assessment, formulation and treatment of this client group. We identify similarities across existing theories, discussing implications for future research and clinical practice with people who stalk.

Attachment anxiety and the dark triad increase stalking after breakups of romantic relationships through psychological maltreatment of romantic partners and reactions to breakups

“…Importantly, psychological IPV in romantic relationships was significantly positively associated with stalking behaviors after breakups, which aligns with the findings of previous cross‐sectional and retrospective studies (Cloonan‐Thomas et al, 2022; Dye & Davis, 2003; Norris et al, 2011). As Parkhill et al (2022) discussed, stalking can be an extension of controlling behavior or intimidation that occurred in previous romantic relationships.…”

“…As Parkhill et al (2022) discussed, stalking can be an extension of controlling behavior or intimidation that occurred in previous romantic relationships.…”

“…Anxiously attached individuals tend to use hyperactivating strategies that evoke excessive demand for attention and care from their partners and intense monitoring of their partners when they feel a lack of attachment security. Therefore, they are prone to controlling, coercive, and clinging behaviors when they notice rejection cues or are exposed to fear of losing their partners (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Parkhill et al, 2022). Empirical evidence has shown that attachment anxiety is positively related to control or surveillance of romantic partners (Dye & Davis, 2003; Marshall et al, 2013) and aggression toward romantic partners (Barbaro et al, 2019; Gou & Woodin, 2017).…”

“…Other risk factors for stalking are reactions to breakups of intimate relationships, such as postbreakup anger and rumination (see Parkhill et al, 2022; Spitzberg & Cupach, 2003, 2007, for a review). For instance, research has reported that emotional distress, such as anger after breakups of romantic relationships, increases the likelihood of engaging in stalking (Davis et al, 2000; Dye & Davis, 2003).…”

Using Latent Class Analysis to Produce a Typology of Korean Stalking Based on Court Judgments

“…Yet, addressing stalking individuals required adapting suitable approaches, considering the complexity and variability of cases. The complexity and variation of stalking behavior may be neglected by interventions based solely on typologies, potentially resulting in inadequate treatment (Parkhill et al, 2022). Consequently, the present typologies should be used as a reference for practical intervention assumptions, which ought to be supplemented by a more comprehensive knowledge of the psychological and social features of stalking behaviors.…”