A COVID-19 Case Complicated by <i>Candida dubliniensis</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>-Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Alataby, Harith; Atemnkeng, Francis; Bains, Sandeep; Kenne, Foma Munoh; Diaz, Keith; Nfonoyim, Jay

doi:10.14740/jmc3588

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Nine case reports and seven case series were retrieved [108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123], together reporting 41 cases of candidemia (Table 4; detailed information about the individual studies is given in Table S4). The median time from ICU admission or intubation to the diagnosis of candidemia was 13.5 days (IQR 7.5-29.5), and more than 80% of the patients had an indwelling vascular catheter, received broad-spectrum antibiotics, and underwent mechanical ventilation before its onset.…”

Section: Case Reports and Case Seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive Fungal Infections Complicating COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Casalini

Giacomelli

Ridolfo

et al. 2021

JoF

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Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) can complicate the clinical course of COVID-19 and are associated with a significant increase in mortality, especially in critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). This narrative review concerns 4099 cases of IFIs in 58,784 COVID-19 patients involved in 168 studies. COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a diagnostic challenge because its non-specific clinical/imaging features and the fact that the proposed clinically diagnostic algorithms do not really apply to COVID-19 patients. Forty-seven observational studies and 41 case reports have described a total of 478 CAPA cases that were mainly diagnosed on the basis of cultured respiratory specimens and/or biomarkers/molecular biology, usually without histopathological confirmation. Candidemia is a widely described secondary infection in critically ill patients undergoing prolonged hospitalisation, and the case reports and observational studies of 401 cases indicate high crude mortality rates of 56.1% and 74.8%, respectively. COVID-19 patients are often characterised by the presence of known risk factors for candidemia such as in-dwelling vascular catheters, mechanical ventilation, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. We also describe 3185 cases of mucormycosis (including 1549 cases of rhino-orbital mucormycosis (48.6%)), for which the main risk factor is a history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (>76%). Its diagnosis involves a histopathological examination of tissue biopsies, and its treatment requires anti-fungal therapy combined with aggressive surgical resection/debridement, but crude mortality rates are again high: 50.8% in case reports and 16% in observational studies. The presence of other secondary IFIs usually diagnosed in severely immunocompromised patients show that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of stunning the host immune system: 20 cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, 5 cases of cryptococcosis, 4 cases of histoplasmosis, 1 case of coccidioides infection, 1 case of pulmonary infection due to Fusarium spp., and 1 case of pulmonary infection due to Scedosporium.

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Section: Case Reports and Case Seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive Fungal Infections Complicating COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Casalini

Giacomelli

Ridolfo

et al. 2021

JoF

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“… Distribution ( a ) and co-occurrence ( b ) of fungal species across randomly selected 50 case studies, prospective and retrospective published reports on fungal co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients [ 5 , 7 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ] (also see Supplementary Table S1 ). Searches were done on PubMed (Medline) and Google Scholar using query terms such as “Co-infections”, “coinfections”, “fungi” or “Fungal infections” in combination with either “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2”.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Fungal Co-Infections in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients, with a Focus on Immunosuppressants

Ezeokoli

Gcilitshana

Pohl

2021

JoF

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Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) managed in the intensive care unit are prone to complications, including secondary infections with opportunistic fungal pathogens. Systemic fungal co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients may exacerbate COVID-19 disease severity, hamper treatment effectiveness and increase mortality. Here, we reiterate the role of fungal co-infections in exacerbating COVID-19 disease severity as well as highlight emerging trends related to fungal disease burden in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on the risk factors for fungal co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and highlight the potential role of prolonged immunomodulatory treatments in driving fungal co-infections, including COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), COVID-19-associated candidiasis (CAC) and mucormycosis. We reiterate the need for early diagnosis of suspected COVID-19-associated systemic mycoses in the hospital setting.

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“…For an example, B. longum bacteremia had been reported in preterm infants receiving probiotics [ 58 , 59 ]. Since gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 involvement has been reported, the possibility of increased intestinal permeability should be expected and the risk of secondary bacterial infections in the gut is substantial if high-dosage steroid and other immunomodulation agents are administrated to treat the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19 [ 60 , 61 ]. The oral formulation Sivomixx®, which was a mixture of probiotics, was independently associated with a reduced risk for death in a retrospective, observational cohort study that included 200 adults with severe COVID-19 pneumonia [ 62 ].…”

Section: Therapeutic Effects Of Dietary Supplement Of Probiotics For Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Dysbiosis during COVID-19 and Potential Effect of Probiotics

Hung

Lee

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an influenza-like disease that chiefly infects the lungs through respiratory transmission. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a transmembrane protein in its outer portion, targets angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the binding receptor for the cell entry. As ACE2 is highly expressed in the gut and pulmonary tissues, SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently result in gastrointestinal inflammation, with presentations ordinarily ranging from intestinal cramps to complications with intestinal perforations. However, the evidence detailing successful therapy for gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients is currently limited. A significant change in fecal microbiomes, namely dysbiosis, was characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and the depletion of beneficial commensals and their crucial association to COVID-19 severity has been evidenced. Oral probiotics had been evidenced to improve gut health in achieving homeostasis by exhibiting their antiviral effects via the gut–lung axis. Although numerous commercial probiotics have been effective against coronavirus, their efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients remain debated. In ClinicalTrials.gov, 19 clinical trials regarding the dietary supplement of probiotics, in terms of Lactobacillus and mixtures of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, for treating COVID-19 cases are ongoing. Accordingly, the preventive or therapeutic role of probiotics for COVID-19 patients can be elucidated in the near future.

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A COVID-19 Case Complicated by Candida dubliniensis and Klebsiella pneumoniae-Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Invasive Fungal Infections Complicating COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Invasive Fungal Infections Complicating COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Risk Factors for Fungal Co-Infections in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients, with a Focus on Immunosuppressants

Gut Dysbiosis during COVID-19 and Potential Effect of Probiotics

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