A counter-image to the gravitational arc in Abell 1201:Evidence for IMF variations, or a 10
            <sup>10</sup>
             M
            <sub>⊙</sub>
            black hole?

Smith, Russell J.; Lucey, J. R.; Edge, A. C.

doi:10.1093/mnras/stx059

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, in this system the problematic feature is the distance from the lens to the images, and the separation between the images. Where these images close, and hint at a some linked structure this may bear a resemblance to the lens reported in Smith et al (2017), with a large arc, and no clearly observable counterimage. However, no evidence is present to define this as an arc.…”

Section: B2 2masxj13522523-3456007supporting

confidence: 56%

MNELLS: the MUSE nearby early-type galaxy lens locator survey

Collier

Smith

Lucey

2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Low-redshift strong-lensing galaxies can provide robust measurements of the stellar mass-to-light ratios in early-type galaxies (ETG), and hence constrain variations in the stellar initial mass function (IMF). At present, only a few such systems are known. Here, we report the first results from a blind search for gravitationally-lensed emission line sources behind 52 massive z < 0.07 ETGs with MUSE integral field spectroscopy. For 16 galaxies, new observations were acquired, whilst the other 36 were analysed from archival data. This project has previously yielded one confirmed galaxy-scale strong lens (J0403-0239) which we report in an earlier paper. J0403-0239 has since received follow-up observations, presented here, which indicate support for our earlier IMF results. Three cluster-scale, and hence dark-matter-dominated, lensing systems were also discovered (central galaxies of A4059, A2052 and AS555). For nine further galaxies, we detect a singly-imaged but closely-projected source within 6 arcsec (including one candidate with sources at three different redshifts); such cases can be exploited to derive upper limits on the IMF mass-excess factor, α. Combining the new lens and new upper limits, with the previously-discovered systems, we infer an average α = 1.06 ± 0.08 (marginalised over the intrinsic scatter), which is inconsistent with a Salpeter-like IMF (α = 1.55) at the 6σ level. We test the detection threshold in these short-exposure MUSE observations with the injection and recovery of simulated sources, and predict that one in twenty-five observations is expected to yield a new strong-lens system. Our observational results are consistent with this expected yield.

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Section: B2 2masxj13522523-3456007supporting

confidence: 56%

MNELLS: the MUSE nearby early-type galaxy lens locator survey

Collier

Smith

Lucey

2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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“…Quinn et al (2016) discussed the implications for the non-detection of a central image in the lens system CLASS B1030+074 with the data from VLA and the extended Multi-Element Remote-Linked Interferometer (e-MERLIN), and argued in favour of a central SMBH with a mass slightly greater than that implied by the local M BH − σ relation, yet again, whether the SMBH is required in the lens model is dependent on the mass profile chosen for the lensing galaxy. A relatively large SMBH mass of ∼ 1.2 × 10 10 M , lying well above the M BH − σ relation, has been inferred for the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG; central giant elliptical galaxy) in the cluster Abell 1201 at z = 0.17 based on the detection of a faint central image based on observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (Smith et al 2017). In this case, however, the authors find that the observed parameters of the central image can be equally well explained by a cuspy stellar M/L ratio for the BCG.…”

Section: Dsmentioning

confidence: 72%

A Likely Supermassive Black Hole Revealed by Its Einstein Radius in Hubble Frontier Fields Images

Chen

Broadhurst

Lim

et al. 2018

ApJ

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At cosmological distances, gravitational lensing can in principle provide direct mass measurements of supermassive black holes (SMBH). Here, we directly estimate the mass of a SMBH in the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) of MACS J1149.5+2223 at z = 0.54 using one of the multiply-lensed images of a background spiral galaxy at z = 1.49 projected close to the BCG. A lensed arc is curved towards the BCG centre, corresponding to an intrinsically compact region in one of the spiral arms. This arc has a radius of curvature of only ∼ 0. 6, betraying the presence of a local compact deflector. Its curvature is most simply reproduced by a point-like object with a mass of 8.4 +4.3 −1.8 × 10 9 M , similar to SMBH masses in local elliptical galaxies having comparable luminosities. The SMBH is noticeably offset by 4.4 ± 0.3 kpc from the BCG light centre, plausibly the result of a kick imparted ∼ 2.0 × 10 7 years ago during the merger of two SMBHs, placing it just beyond the stellar core. A similar curvature can be produced by replacing the offset SMBH with a compact galaxy having a mass of ∼ 2 × 10 10 M within a cutoff radius of < 4 kpc, and an unusually large M/L > 50(M/L) to make it undetectable in the deep Hubble Frontiers Fields image, at or close to the cluster redshift; such a lensing galaxy, however, perturbs the adjacent lensed images in an undesirable way.

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“…The presence of a central supermassive black hole, not included in our fiducial model, would also boost the central velocity dispersion, increasing the mass enclosed in the central regions in a similar way as a radially decreasing IMF normalization does (see e.g. Smith et al 2017a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for radial variations in the stellar mass-to-light ratio of massive galaxies from weak and strong lensing

Sonnenfeld

Leauthaud

Auger

et al. 2018

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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The Initial Mass Function (IMF) for massive galaxies can be constrained by combining stellar dynamics with strong gravitational lensing. However, this method is limited by degeneracies between the density profile of dark matter and the stellar mass-to-light ratio. In this work we reduce this degeneracy by combining weak lensing together with strong lensing and stellar kinematics. Our analysis is based on two galaxy samples: 45 strong lenses from the SLACS survey and 1,700 massive quiescent galaxies from the SDSS main spectroscopic sample with weak lensing measurements from the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. We use a Bayesian hierarchical approach to jointly model all three observables. We fit the data with models of varying complexity and show that a model with a radial gradient in the stellar mass-to-light ratio is required to simultaneously describe both galaxy samples. This result is driven by a subset of strong lenses with very steep total density profile, that cannot be fitted by models with no gradient. Our measurements are unable to determine whether M * /L gradients are due to variations in stellar population parameters at fixed IMF, or to gradients in the IMF itself. The inclusion of M * /L gradients decreases dramatically the inferred IMF normalisation, compared to previous lensing-based studies, with the exact value depending on the assumed dark matter profile. The main effect of strong lensing selection is to shift the stellar mass distribution towards the high mass end, while the halo mass and stellar IMF distribution at fixed stellar mass are not significantly affected.− Re relation (bottom)

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A counter-image to the gravitational arc in Abell 1201:Evidence for IMF variations, or a 10 ¹⁰ M _⊙ black hole?

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

MNELLS: the MUSE nearby early-type galaxy lens locator survey

MNELLS: the MUSE nearby early-type galaxy lens locator survey

A Likely Supermassive Black Hole Revealed by Its Einstein Radius in Hubble Frontier Fields Images

Evidence for radial variations in the stellar mass-to-light ratio of massive galaxies from weak and strong lensing

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A counter-image to the gravitational arc in Abell 1201:Evidence for IMF variations, or a 10 10 M ⊙ black hole?

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

MNELLS: the MUSE nearby early-type galaxy lens locator survey

MNELLS: the MUSE nearby early-type galaxy lens locator survey

A Likely Supermassive Black Hole Revealed by Its Einstein Radius in Hubble Frontier Fields Images

Evidence for radial variations in the stellar mass-to-light ratio of massive galaxies from weak and strong lensing

Contact Info

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A counter-image to the gravitational arc in Abell 1201:Evidence for IMF variations, or a 10 ¹⁰ M _⊙ black hole?