A cost-effective edge-filter based FBG interrogator using catastrophic fuse effect micro-cavity interferometers

Díaz, Camilo A. R.; Marques, Carlos; Domingues, M. Fátima; Ribeiro, Moisés R. N.; Frizera, Anselmo; Pontes, Maria José; André, Paulo S.; Antunes, Paulo

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.067

Cited by 71 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Note that there are several FBG-based AOMs along the same optical fiber, being each one associated with a different Bragg wavelength (λ 1 , λ 2 , ..., λ n ). A low-cost solution for optical spectrum monitoring is to employ edge-filtering [11]. A wavelength demultiplexing device is proposed here to act as such wavelength discriminator.…”

Section: Fbg-based Iotof: a Fully Passive Optical Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Edge filtering processes can be performed with matched FBG-based filters [30], in-fiber Fabry-Perot micro-cavities [11], long period gratings [31], chirped-FBGs [32], tilted-FBGs [33], and a large length of fiber used to create the edge-filters such as Erbium doped fiber [34] or multimode fiber [35] based edge-filters. As presented by the authors in [11], the most equilibrated relation between visibility and dynamic range is achieved with the micro-cavities approach, which is also used in the current work. Since the proposed approach is based on edge-filtering, the number of AOMs is limited and pre-determined by the demultiplexer ports at the receiver stage.…”

Section: Fbg-based Iotof: a Fully Passive Optical Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The requirements presented in Table 1 and in Figure 1 can be met by the developed simple and low-cost setup [11,12] (AOM ∼100 euros, commercial value of FBG). Actually, our PHY prototype for IoToF exceeds LoRa and Sigfox reach wide area transmission by providing 300 bps raw transmission for more than 30 km long links.…”

Section: Digital Communication Channel Characterization (M 3 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the current work, we proposed a cost-effective modulation scheme composed by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) mechanically driven by an acoustic signal containing the IoT information. FBGs have been broadly used in the sensing field such as overhead transmission line wire sag monitoring [8], liquid level monitoring [9], temperature [10], strain [11], and acceleration [12]. In this approach, we focused on the use of the FBG not as a sensor but rather as a modulator, which allows encoding the IoT device's information directly into wavelength shifting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IoToF: A Long-Reach Fully Passive Low-Rate Upstream PHY for IoT over Fiber

et al. 2019

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Internet of things (IoT) devices heavily rely on wireless connectivity. There are intrinsic overlooked limitations such as reach, availability, security and safety vulnerabilities closely associated with wireless solutions. Wired connectivity is the alternative to tackle those issues, and optical fibers directly connecting IoT devices could provide them unique features such as huge bandwidth, long reach, signal integrity and high security grade for the transmitted information. Nevertheless, it can be prohibitive for IoT devices which are power hungry and have costly electrical-to-optical conversions. In this paper, first, a niche is identified for IoT over fiber (IoToF) based on fully passive optical solutions for long reach upstream of low data rate optical connectivity over dark fibers. Then, we proposed, implemented and characterized a prototype physical connectivity (PHY) based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) low-cost acousto-optic modulation at IoT devices and respective optical edge-filtering as wavelength discriminator at the receiver. Finally, we performed an experimental demonstration of upstream data communication based on simple M-ary frequency-shift keying (FSK), with baud rate of 300 bps transmitted over 30 km range. In terms of data rate and reach for niche applications, IoToF can outperform traditional wireless technologies, such as Sigfox or LoRa. IoToF will enable monitoring urban areas with scarce and polluted spectrum, industrial areas requiring intrinsic safety, and upstreaming data from IoT devices in remote locations with unfavorable wireless propagation but with dark fibers available.

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Section: Fbg-based Iotof: a Fully Passive Optical Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fbg-based Iotof: a Fully Passive Optical Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Digital Communication Channel Characterization (M 3 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

IoToF: A Long-Reach Fully Passive Low-Rate Upstream PHY for IoT over Fiber

et al. 2019

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“…Application of an appropriate demodulation method, in turn, is required to change the wavelength shift to radiation intensity. Many interrogation schemes have been proposed [ 9 ], including portable energy-efficient interrogators based on the spectral convolution between the sensors and tunable filters [ 10 ]. Recently, the method based on electrical harmonic analysis have been also discussed, but it requires a harmonic modulator and appropriate signal acquisition system [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Matched Filter Interrogation of FBG Sensors with Large Side Lobes

Skorupski

Cięszczyk

Panas

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This article presents the effect of fiber Bragg gratings side lobes on interrogation systems consisting of sensor and matched filters. The conducted research shows that high-value side lobe structures applied as sensors and/or filters are characterized by some interesting properties. The paper presents both numerical analysis and experimental verification of the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) interrogation systems with matched filters for gratings containing high side lobes. Numerical modeling of Bragg structures was performed for two different cases: uniform and inverse apodization. Modification of apodization can change the side lobe reflectance level even above levels found in uniform structures. This is a case not described in the literature, especially in terms of possible applications. Transfer characteristics, i.e., the relationship between power intensity as a function of wavelength shift, were determined. A collection of gratings with spectra corresponding to those analyzed in numerical experiments were fabricated. Next, the transfer characteristics of the interrogation systems containing real FBG were determined. The properties of the proposed systems are described. It has been shown that a significant level of sidebands, which is often the subject of many drawbacks in filtering or telecommunications systems, can be an advantage. It has been demonstrated that a high level of side lobes can be used to increase the measurement range of the FBG sensor interrogation systems. It has been determined numerically and confirmed experimentally that from the point of view of the design of sensor interrogation systems, it is beneficial to combine specific pairs of gratings: one with a spectrum characterized by a low side lobe level and a second one in which the spectrum has very high side lobes.

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Highly Sensitive Fiber‐Optic Intrinsic Electromagnetic Field Sensing

Leal‐Junior

Díaz

Frizera

et al. 2020

Advanced Photonics Research

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Fiber‐optic sensing is resistant to electromagnetic interference; therefore, electromagnetic field sensing using fiber‐optic sensors is challenging. Herein, the first demonstration of fiber‐optic intrinsic electromagnetic field sensing based on modal interferometry with the highest reported sensitivity is presented (here, to be intrinsic means that the magnetic field interaction occurs only within the optical fiber, where there is no use of magnetic fluids or extrinsic structures). A fused polymer optical fiber (POF) is connected to two silica single‐mode fibers (SMFs) through an UV‐curing resin. Another interferometer with a nonfused POF is also fabricated, and the transmitted spectra of both the interferometers are compared in the presence of an electromagnetic field (0–240 mT). The results show the insensitivity of the nonfused POF interferometer and a mean sensitivity of 16.7 pm mT−1 for the fused POF interferometer, which presents a tenfold increase by changing the fused POF length from 2 to 5 cm, resulting in a sensitivity of 113.5 pm mT−1. The proposed intrinsic electromagnetic field sensor has the potential of measuring magnetic field intensities as low as 45 μT (considering its high sensitivity) with possibility of further increase with small changes in the signal acquisition components.

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A cost-effective edge-filter based FBG interrogator using catastrophic fuse effect micro-cavity interferometers

Cited by 71 publications

References 25 publications

IoToF: A Long-Reach Fully Passive Low-Rate Upstream PHY for IoT over Fiber

IoToF: A Long-Reach Fully Passive Low-Rate Upstream PHY for IoT over Fiber

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Matched Filter Interrogation of FBG Sensors with Large Side Lobes

Highly Sensitive Fiber‐Optic Intrinsic Electromagnetic Field Sensing

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