A correlation study applied to biomarkers of internal and effective dose for acrylonitrile and 4-aminobiphenyl in smokers

Abstract

The urinary metabolites 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid and 4-aminobiphenyl have been correlated with tobacco smoke exposure. Similarly, 2-cyanoethylvaline and 4-aminobiphenyl haemoglobin adducts have been used as biomarkers of effective dose for the exposure to acrylonitrile and 4-aminobiphenyl, respectively. Each pair of biomarkers is derived from the same parent chemical; however, the correlation between the urinary and the haemoglobin biomarkers has not been investigated. Using clinical study samples, we report a weak correlation between urinary and haemoglobin biomarkers due to different accumulation and elimination rates. Time course analysis showed that a reduction in exposure was paralleled by a delayed reduction in haemoglobin adducts.

Changes in levels of biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in a controlled study of smokers switched from conventional cigarettes to reduced-toxicant-prototype cigarettes

“…This may have been because the toxicant reductions in the smoke were relatively modest, and were likely off-set by the increase in consumption. A comprehensive analysis of the correlation between haemoglobin adducts for acrylonitrile and 4-aminobiphenyl and their corresponding urinary metabolite has been reported elsewhere (Scherer et al, 2014).…”

“…Levels of urinary acrylonitrile biomarker and 2-cyanoethlyvaline haemoglobin adduct increased in controls (25.5% and 55.9%, respectively) but decreased in RTP smokers (À57.4% and À39.3%, respectively; Table 4). The haemoglobin adducts have long body residence times (approximately 120 days Scherer et al, 2014) and so this reduction provides some further evidence of compliance for those subjects switched to the RTP. Fig.…”

Evaluation of smoking-specific and generic quality of life measures in current and former smokers in Germany and the United States

“…A detailed study protocol and complete list of biomarkers for the German clinical study is published elsewhere [ 16 ], as are details regarding laboratory methods used to determine each biomarker and its accuracy [ 25 ]. Briefly, for the analyses reported here, baseline data (before any intervention) for current and former smokers were analyzed.…”

“…Briefly, for the analyses reported here, baseline data (before any intervention) for current and former smokers were analyzed. As in a previous correlational analysis limited to smoking status, cigarettes per day (CPD) and biomarkers [ 25 ], two urinary biomarkers representing short and long term exposure, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid, metabolites of 4-ABP and acrylonitrile respectively, which have been correlated with tobacco smoke exposure, and their related hemoglobin adducts of 4-aminobiphenyl and 2-cyanoethylvaline, which can be viewed as biomarkers of effective dose, were evaluated (Table 1 ).…”

Analysis of 18 urinary mercapturic acids by two high-throughput multiplex-LC-MS/MS methods

“…Such VOCs can be determined either by directly measuring mainstream and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) which, however, does not reflect the actual absorbed dose or by exposure assessment of appropriate biomarkers in different biofluids. VOCs are mainly determined in blood either directly as parent compounds [2][3][4] and DNA/protein adducts [5,6], or suitable metabolites are determined in urine [7][8][9][10].…”