A corporate social responsibility implementation index for architectural design firms in Vietnam

Sustainable redevelopment of urban areas: Assessment of key barriers for the reconstruction of old residential buildings

“…These categories aid in understanding, making data interpretation more accessible, and have diverse applications like creating concise measures or helping decision‐making (Ikuabe & Oke, 2019). Morevoer, the percentage of variance explained in factor analysis quantifies how much total variability is attributed to underlying factors, with higher percentages indicating successful capture of significant data variability (Van Nguyen & Ha, 2023).…”

“…FSE can also handle multi‐criteria decision‐making and multi‐level evaluations, making it a valuable tool in assessing and prioritizing various factors systems (Atafo et al, 2022; Gurmu, 2021; Wang et al, 2020). The method has been widely used in multiple fields, including engineering, finance, management, and risk analysis, to evaluate and analyze the performance of complex systems (Atafo et al, 2022; Van Nguyen & Ha, 2023; Wang et al, 2020).…”

“…It involves several steps, starting with the definition of evaluation criteria that are relevant, measurable, and aligned with the objectives of the system or process being evaluated. The degree of importance of each barrier is considered using the FSE technique as follows (Atafo et al, 2022; Gurmu, 2021; Van Nguyen & Ha, 2023). Step 1: Define the evaluation criteria: The first step in the FSE technique is to define the evaluation variables used to assess the barriers of the old residential building reconstruction projects. X = { x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x i ,…, x m } where x i ( i = 1/ m ) = the i th complexity variable/factor; Step 2: Establish the membership functions: The membership functions define the degree to which each variable has been achieved.…”