A cornucopia of screening and diagnostic techniques for human papillomavirus associated cervical carcinomas

Ramzan, Memoona; Ain, Noor Ul; Ilyas, Sadaf; Umer, Muhammad; Bano, Sadia; Sarwar, Syed Mansoor; Sattar, Naveed; Shakoori, A. R.

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.06.015

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Cervical cancer takes the lives of about 250,000 women worldwide each year ( 1 – 3 ). This statistic is even more tragic given the fact that most of these deaths could be prevented with proper screening for precancerous lesions or the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) ( 4 ) followed with standard clinical interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Sampling for Human Papillomavirus Testing: Increased Cervical Cancer Screening Participation and Incorporation in International Screening Programs

Gupta¹,

Palmer²,

Bik³

et al. 2018

Front. Public Health

107

119

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In most industrialized countries, screening programs for cervical cancer have shifted from cytology (Pap smear or ThinPrep) alone on clinician-obtained samples to the addition of screening for human papillomavirus (HPV), its main causative agent. For HPV testing, self-sampling instead of clinician-sampling has proven to be equally accurate, in particular for assays that use nucleic acid amplification techniques. In addition, HPV testing of self-collected samples in combination with a follow-up Pap smear in case of a positive result is more effective in detecting precancerous lesions than a Pap smear alone. Self-sampling for HPV testing has already been adopted by some countries, while others have started trials to evaluate its incorporation into national cervical cancer screening programs. Self-sampling may result in more individuals willing to participate in cervical cancer screening, because it removes many of the barriers that prevent women, especially those in low socioeconomic and minority populations, from participating in regular screening programs. Several studies have shown that the majority of women who have been underscreened but who tested HPV-positive in a self-obtained sample will visit a clinic for follow-up diagnosis and management. In addition, a self-collected sample can also be used for vaginal microbiome analysis, which can provide additional information about HPV infection persistence as well as vaginal health in general.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Sampling for Human Papillomavirus Testing: Increased Cervical Cancer Screening Participation and Incorporation in International Screening Programs

Gupta¹,

Palmer²,

Bik³

et al. 2018

Front. Public Health

107

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given the current limitations of CC screening tests, there is a real need to develop new diagnostic assays with greater and well-balanced Sensitivity-Specificity scores, using new biomarker candidates related to CC pathogenesis [21,22]. Based on previous data suggesting that HR-HPV DNA integration into the host cell genome is an essential step to malignant transformation, plenty of studies have investigated the relationships between HR-HPV physical status and occurrence of cervical lesions [23,24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of HPV16 E6/E7 mRNA Spliced Isoforms Viral Load as a Novel Diagnostic Tool for Improving Cervical Cancer Screening

Camus

Vitale

Loubatier

et al. 2018

JCM

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High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified as the main contributors to cervical cancer. Despite various diagnostic tools available, including the predominant Papanicolaou test (Pap test), technical limitations affect the efficiency of cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of spliced HPV16 E6/E7 mRNA viral loads (VL) for grade 2 or higher cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosis. A new dedicated (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) qRT-PCR assay was developed, allowing selective quantification of several HPV16 E6/E7 mRNA: Full length (FL) with or without all or selected spliced forms (total E6/E7 mRNA corresponding to SP + E6^E7 mRNA (T), + spliced E6/E7 mRNA containing intact E7 ORF (SP), and E6/E7 mRNA containing disrupted E6 and E7 ORFs calculated by the following subtraction T-SP (E6^E7)). Twenty HPV16 DNA and mRNA positive uterine cervical smears representative of all cytological and histological stages of severity were tested. We have shown that all E6/E7 mRNA isoforms expression levels were significantly increased in high grade cervical lesions. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the SP-E6/E7 VL assay exhibited: (i) The best diagnostic performance for identification of both cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2+ (90% (56–100) sensitivity and specificity) and CIN3+ (100% (72–100) sensitivity and 79% (49–95) specificity) lesions; (ii) a greater sensitivity compared to the Pap test for CIN2+ lesions detection (80% (44–97)); (iii) a predictive value of the histological grade of cervical lesions in 67% of atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASC-US) and 100% of low-grade (LSIL) patients. Overall, these results highlight the value of SP-E6/E7 mRNA VL as an innovative tool for improving cervical cancer screening.

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“…In vitro testing of siRNA against cervical cancer has yielded promising results, but the same issues that hampered the clinical development of ribozymes and antisense oligonucleotides are now posing problems for the siRNA field: target selection, specificity, and delivery. If these problems are resolved, a variety of new and effective cervical cancer treatments could be available [184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194].…”

Section: Specimen Adequacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Screening of Cervical Cancer

Comparetto¹,

Borruto²

2021

obm genet

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Medical genetics plays an important role in the screening and prevention of numerous diseases. Thus, it is important to develop effective screening and prevention programs and improve the assessment of the susceptibility of diseases. The development of screening and prevention programs depends on the identification of early biomarkers (including functional and behavioral) for the risk and onset of the disease, and such programs need to be designed according to internationally accepted criteria. Cervical cancer represents a very relevant disease from the health and social perspective; around 528,000 new cases are diagnosed every year globally, of which, 85% are from developing countries, representing almost 12% of all cancers in females. Substantial reductions in the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer have been observed after the introduction of prevention campaigns with the implementation of cervical screening programs through Papanicolaou (Pap) tests and, in particular, following the introduction of organized programs which guarantee a high level of screening coverage, as well as, the quality and continuity of diagnostic-therapeutic procedures. It is estimated that Pap smear screening every 3-5 years provides 80% protection against the onset of cancer. Advances in diagnostic techniques, particularly the development of easy-to-use molecular genetic tests, are replacing the use of the established Pap smear as a screening tool. This is possible owing to the discovery in 1975 that some cellular morphological changes (koilocytosis) were related to the presence of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV test is performed on a small sample of cells taken from the cervix, similar to the Pap test; however, it is not a morphological exam but a molecular biology exam that detects the presence of HPV by identifying its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). The results of numerous experimental studies have demonstrated a greater sensitivity of this test compared to the sensitivity of the traditional Pap test. However, the HPV test has a lower specificity due to two main factors: 1) The HPV test is based on the search for the types of viruses that have a greater oncogenic potential, and 2) It does not discriminate between transient infections and persistent and productive infections. The most widely used molecular tests are based on the search for HPV sequences and genotyping using molecular biology techniques, such as direct hybridization, qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral nucleotide sequencing.

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A cornucopia of screening and diagnostic techniques for human papillomavirus associated cervical carcinomas

Cited by 7 publications

References 73 publications

Self-Sampling for Human Papillomavirus Testing: Increased Cervical Cancer Screening Participation and Incorporation in International Screening Programs

Self-Sampling for Human Papillomavirus Testing: Increased Cervical Cancer Screening Participation and Incorporation in International Screening Programs

Quantification of HPV16 E6/E7 mRNA Spliced Isoforms Viral Load as a Novel Diagnostic Tool for Improving Cervical Cancer Screening

Genetic Screening of Cervical Cancer

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