A Cooperative ARQ for Delay-Tolerant Vehicular Networks

Kumar

et al. 2017

IEEE Systems Journal

Wireless ad hoc networks use mobile devices to deliver services supported by high-speed network connections and high-speed data transmissions in real time. These devices (network nodes) typically act as the network infrastructure to forward data to other nodes from a source to the destination. However, several constraints (e.g., processor, energy consumption, and bandwidth) affect the overall network performance. Cooperation strategies have been considered as a solution to such network limitations and constraints. Recent studies have presented cooperation mechanisms as a solution to unstable network infrastructures where mobile nodes cooperate with each other, forwarding data and performing all the networking functionalities. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art on cooperation strategies and algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks and delay-tolerant networks. These challenged networks frequently comprise situations where traditional Internet protocols fail to effectively provide desired or expected communication. This paper focuses on cooperation incentive-based approaches for network architectures that support mobile devices and are challenged by mobility constraints such as battery and storage capacity, broadcast constraints, interferences, disconnections, noises, limited bandwidths, and network delays. The surveyed approaches' merits and weaknesses are discussed, and open issues are identified. Finally, conclusions are detailed.

Section: Cooperation Strategies For Dtnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooperative Strategies for Challenged Networks and Applications: A Survey

Silva

Kumar

et al. 2017

IEEE Systems Journal

“…This allows nodes to store and forward bundles, not only in their own interest but also in the interest of other nodes. Considering this, C-ARQ [24] and DC-ARQ [25] are proposed to stimulate cooperation between DTN nodes. C-ARQ tries to reduce packet losses during transmissions between vehicles and fixed access points.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It allows communications between vehicles where an access point is not available. DC-ARQ is a variant of the scheme proposed in [24] but differs from it because it only maintains an active cooperation while nodes are in range of the access point.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of cooperative strategies for Vehicular Delay‐Tolerant Networks

Dias

Trans. Emerging Tel. Tech.

Zhou

2013

Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks emerge as a vehicular networks technology that can be deployed on a wide range of scenarios. For example, it can be applied in sparse and remote regions characterised by sparse connectivity to allow data communications, as well as in urban scenarios. Frequent network partitioning, intermittent connectivity, long propagation delays, high error rates and short contact durations characterise these environments. To overcome some of these issues, cooperation approaches should be considered to force nodes to share their own resources. It is important to perform this task because nodes may be unwilling to cooperate due to a selfish behaviour. Selfish nodes affect considerably the functionality and the performance of the overall network. This paper overviews the most relevant contributions on cooperation for vehicular networks. It also proposes four different cooperation strategies for Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks and studies their impact on the performance of the network. These strategies are enforced on two delay-tolerant networks routing protocols (Epidemic and Spray-and-Wait). Across all the experiments, it was shown that all the strategies contribute to the improvement of the overall network performance by increasing the bundle delivery probability and consequently decrease the bundle average delivery delay.

“…For example, cooperative ARQ scheme (C-ARQ) [16] tries to reduce the number of loss packets in transmissions between access points placed along roads and vehicles. Same authors propose another cooperative approach called DC-ARQ (delayed cooperative ARQ) [17].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of a cooperative reputation system for vehicular delay-tolerant networks

Dias

Shu

et al. 2014

J Wireless Com Network

In the last decade, both scientific community and automotive industry enabled communications among vehicles in different kinds of scenarios proposing different vehicular architectures. Vehicular delay-tolerant networks (VDTNs) were proposed as a solution to overcome some of the issues found in other vehicular architectures, namely, in dispersed regions and emergency scenarios. Most of these issues arise from the unique characteristics of vehicular networks. Contrary to delay-tolerant networks (DTNs), VDTNs place the bundle layer under the network layer in order to simplify the layered architecture and enable communications in sparse regions characterized by long propagation delays, high error rates, and short contact durations. However, such characteristics turn contacts very important in order to exchange as much information as possible between nodes at every contact opportunity. One way to accomplish this goal is to enforce cooperation between network nodes. To promote cooperation among nodes, it is important that nodes share their own resources to deliver messages from others. This can be a very difficult task, if selfish nodes affect the performance of cooperative nodes. This paper studies the performance of a cooperative reputation system that detects, identify, and avoid communications with selfish nodes. Two scenarios were considered across all the experiments enforcing three different routing protocols (First Contact, Spray and Wait, and GeoSpray). For both scenarios, it was shown that reputation mechanisms that punish aggressively selfish nodes contribute to increase the overall network performance.