“…This insight was also central to formulations of the learned helplessness model, which observed that the most direct determinant of helplessness is an expectation of future uncontrollability (e.g., Abramson et al, 1978). Further, the importance of controllability is recognised in other work (e.g., Anderson & Riger, 1991;Weiner, 1979Weiner, , 1985, which has identified a relationship between people's belief in their ability to influence the causes of future events and indices of behaviour. Weiner (e.g., 1979Weiner (e.g., , 1985 hypothesised that stability alone should predict expectations for future success.…”