A Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Cascade for Handling Solid-Containing Photochemical Reactions

Pomberger, Alexander; Mo, Yiming; Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y.; Schultz, Victor; Duvadie, Rohit; Robinson, Richard I.; Altınoğlu, Erhan I.; Jensen, Klavs F.

doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00378

Cited by 70 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The methodology proved to be robust giving the desired products in good yields, however, the reaction was only carried out on small scale. In order to utilise this reactivity in a scalable manner, the Jensen group developed a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) system for carrying out photochemical reactions [33]. The reaction reported by MacMillan required the presence of an insoluble inorganic base, which typically is incompatible with carrying out reactions in a continuous manner due to reactor blocking and fouling.…”

Section: Laboratory Scale (< 100 G/day)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalability of photochemical reactions in continuous flow mode

2021

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Continuous flow photochemistry as a field has witnessed an increasing popularity over the last decade in both academia and industry. Key drivers for this development are safety, practicality as well as the ability to rapidly access complex chemical structures. Continuous flow reactors, whether home-built or from commercial suppliers, additionally allow for creating valuable target compounds in a reproducible and automatable manner. Recent years have furthermore seen the advent of new energy efficient LED lamps that in combination with innovative reactor designs provide a powerful means to increasing both the practicality and productivity of modern photochemical flow reactors. In this review article we wish to highlight key achievements pertaining to the scalability of such continuous photochemical processes. Graphical abstract

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Section: Laboratory Scale (< 100 G/day)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalability of photochemical reactions in continuous flow mode

2021

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“…Modifications to existing reactor concepts and new reactor concepts are being tested to achieve high throughputs with photochemical reactions. Pomberger et al was able to achieve gram-scale synthesis in 13 hours by integrating a solid-feeding strategy to a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) [25] However, the scale-up of CSTRs is challenging for gas-liquid reactions. One approach is to utilize turbulent conditions inside the reactor to improve the mixing of gas and liquid phases [26,27].…”

Section: [ ] =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming mass and photon transfer limitations in a scalable reactor: Oxidation in an aerosol photoreactor

Kayahan

Urbani

Dambruoso

et al. 2021

Chemical Engineering Journal

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This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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“…A CSTR or CSTRs-in-series could be used for liquid, liquid-liquid, and liquid-solid phase reactions. Compared with a PFR, CSTRs-in-series have much higher solid-handling capacity [ 64 , 65 ], and could buffer out the fluctuations of reagent feeds. In a CSTR, we assume the mixture within the reaction is perfectly mixed, and no time or position dependence of the temperature, concentration, or reaction rate inside the reactor at steady state [ 20 ].…”

Section: Cstrs-in-seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactor design and selection for effective continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals

2021

J Flow Chem

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Pharmaceutical production remains one of the last industries that predominantly uses batch processes, which are inefficient and can cause drug shortages due to the long lead times or quality defects. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies are transitioning away from outdated batch lines, in large part motivated by the many advantages of continuous manufacturing (e.g., low cost, quality assurance, shortened lead time). As chemical reactions are fundamental to any drug production process, the selection of reactor and its design are critical to enhanced performance such as improved selectivity and yield. In this article, relevant theories, and models, as well as their required input data are summarized to assist the reader in these tasks, focusing on continuous reactions. Selected examples that describe the application of plug flow reactors (PFRs) and continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)-in-series within the pharmaceutical industry are provided. Process analytical technologies (PATs), which are important tools that provide real-time in-line continuous monitoring of reactions, are recommended to be considered during the reactor design process (e.g., port design for the PAT probe). Finally, other important points, such as density change caused by thermal expansion or solid precipitation, clogging/fouling, and scaling-up, are discussed.

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A Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Cascade for Handling Solid-Containing Photochemical Reactions

Cited by 70 publications

References 26 publications

Scalability of photochemical reactions in continuous flow mode

Scalability of photochemical reactions in continuous flow mode

Overcoming mass and photon transfer limitations in a scalable reactor: Oxidation in an aerosol photoreactor

Reactor design and selection for effective continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals

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