A continuous scintillation counter using a paraffin scintillator and a solid support

Takiue, Makoto; Fujii, Hodaka; Aburai, Tamaru; Yanokura, Mieko

doi:10.1016/0969-8043(94)00114-f

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Since it was first described, the scintillation phenomenon has been exploited for detection, counting, and identification of radioactive radiation. [1] Inorganic materials such as thallium-doped sodium iodide, [2±4] cerium-doped yttrium silicate, [5,6,7] solid and liquid noble gases, [8] and organic scintillators such as 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)phenol in polystyrene, [9] 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO), and 1,4-bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene (bis-MSB) in paraffin, [10,11] or PPO and 1,4-bis-2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)benzene (POPOP) in organic solvents [12±14] are commonly used as scintillators. The latter systems usually contain surfactants in order to form microemulsions when water has to be taken up from biological and medical samples containing radioactively labeled substances in aqueous solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-Binding Solid Scintillators: Synthesis, Emission Properties, and Tests in3H and14C Counting

Meyer

Wolff

2000

Chem. Eur. J.

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Spectral and time-resolved fluorescence properties as well as relative fluorescence quantum yields of carbodiimide derivatives of 2.5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) (prepared by H2S elimination from the corresponding thioureas), of some intermediates in the preparation, and of several other PPO derivatives were investigated in solution and in the solid state to test their suitability as solid scintillators. The carbodiimides reacted slowly with water under acidic conditions to yield ureas. These systems were compared with solid mixtures of other PPO derivatives with sodium sulfate as a drying agent, as chemically water-binding solid scintillators in 3H and 14C counting. Both the chemically and the absorptive water-binding scintillators proved capable of counting 3H and 14C decay, and open a way to the counting of aqueous samples by solid scintillators without a drying step.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-Binding Solid Scintillators: Synthesis, Emission Properties, and Tests in3H and14C Counting

Meyer

Wolff

2000

Chem. Eur. J.

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“…Since its first description, the phenomenon of scintillation was readily exploited for detection, counting, and identification of radioactive radiation [1]. Meanwhile common is the use of solid scintillator systems, such as inorganic materials like thallium-doped NaI [2 ± 4], cerium-doped yttrium silicate [5 ± 7], solid noble gases [8], and organic materials like 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)phenol in polystyrene [9], 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene (bis-MSB) in paraffin [10] [11]. Liquid scintillation systems such as PPO and 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene (POPOP) in aromatic organic solvents [12 ± 14] are used as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

Aqueous Systems for Liquid Scintillation Counting: Use of Hydrotropes

Meyer

Hoffmann

Wolff

2001

HCA

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Dedicated to Professor Andre¬ M. Braun on the occasion of his 60th birthday Liquid hydrotropic systems, i.e., mixtures of hydrotropes and water-forming hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allow the solubilization of organic scintillators in essentially aqueous media. Such systems were applied to liquid scintillation counting with 4-[4-(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzyl]morpholine as scintillator, a 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) derivative that proved well-soluble in acidic hydrotrope systems. Its fluorescence properties were studied. Phenylalanine labeled with 3 H or 14 C was used to test counting. While 14 C counting worked acceptably, 3 H counting was comparatively inefficient, probably due to the short lifetime of b-particles in aqueous environments.Introduction. ± The conversion of the energy of b-particles (emitted upon radioactive decay of unstable isotopes) to a corresponding number of fluorescence quanta is known as scintillation. Through collisions, the particles promote nearby atoms or molecules to electronically excited states capable of emitting fluorescence. The number of excited states generated depends on the energy of the b-particles, i.e., on the decaying isotope. Since its first description, the phenomenon of scintillation was readily exploited for detection, counting, and identification of radioactive radiation [1]. Meanwhile common is the use of solid scintillator systems, such as inorganic materials like thallium-doped NaI [2 ± 4], cerium-doped yttrium silicate [5 ± 7], solid noble gases [8], and organic materials like 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)phenol in polystyrene [9], 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene (bis-MSB) in paraffin [10] [11]. Liquid scintillation systems such as PPO and 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene (POPOP) in aromatic organic solvents [12 ± 14] are used as well. The latter systems commonly contain surfactants in order to form microemulsions, when water has to be taken up that is present in biological and medical samples containing radioactively marked substances in aqueous solution.In this method (called liquid scintillation counting, LSC), b-particles initially produce excited solvent molecules (e.g., benzene, toluene, liquid naphthalene derivatives), the excitation energy of which is transferred to (primary and secondary) scintillators, which then emit fluorescence pulses. LSC is superior in the detection of weak b-radiation from 3 H (tritium) or 14 C decays. Liquid scintillation counters and a great number of suitable scintillator solutions (cocktails) are commercially available. Although developed to almost perfect performance, there is one drawback of this technique, which results from the necessity of treating the waste, i.e., weakly radioactive organic liquids are left, whose disposal is problematic.

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Solid Scintillation Analysis

L’Annunziata

1998

Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis

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A continuous scintillation counter using a paraffin scintillator and a solid support

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Water-Binding Solid Scintillators: Synthesis, Emission Properties, and Tests in3H and14C Counting

Water-Binding Solid Scintillators: Synthesis, Emission Properties, and Tests in3H and14C Counting

Aqueous Systems for Liquid Scintillation Counting: Use of Hydrotropes

Solid Scintillation Analysis

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