Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics

1993

DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90280-c

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A continuous-flow denuder for the measurement of ambient concentrations and surface-exchange fluxes of ammonia

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Introduction2

Spatial Nh 3 Concentration Measurements1

Exchange Measurements Of Reactive Nitrogen Compounds1

Evaporation Of Ammonium Nitrate1

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Cited by 324 publications

(180 citation statements)

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“…The sampling rate of the ALPHA samplers was calibrated against the DELTA denuder reference system (Sutton et al, 2001b), using the UK National Ammonia Monitoring Network methodology (NAMN, Sutton et al, 2001a). ALPHA samplers were stored in a cold room (4°C) until analysis in the laboratory with an AMFIA NH 3 flow injection analyser,based on analysis by selective ion membrane transfer and subsequent conductivity measurement (Wyers et al, 1993).…”

Section: Spatial Nh 3 Concentration Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of atmospheric ammonia at the landscape scale and consequences for environmental impact assessment

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et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

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Scott; Rees, Robert M.; Sutton, Mark A. 2013. Heterogeneity of atmospheric ammonia at the landscape scale and consequences for environmental impact assessment.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. AbstractWe examined the consequences of the spatial heterogeneity of atmospheric ammonia (NH 3 ) by measuring and modelling NH 3 concentrations and deposition at 25 m grid resolution for a rural landscape containing intensive poultry farming, agricultural grassland, woodland and moorland. The emission pattern gave rise to a high spatial variability of modelled mean annual NH 3 concentrations and dry deposition. Largest impacts were predicted for woodland patches located within the agricultural area, while larger moorland areas were at low risk, due to atmospheric dispersion, prevailing wind direction and low NH 3 background. These high resolution spatial details are lost in national scale estimates at 1 km resolution due to less detailed emission input maps. The results demonstrate how the spatial arrangement of sources and sinks is critical to defining the NH 3 risk to seminatural ecosystems. These spatial relationships provide the foundation for local spatial planning approaches to reduce environmental impacts of atmospheric NH 3 . Capsule:Fine scale resolution modelling to reproduce the spatial heterogeneity of atmospheric NH 3 concentrations and deposition is critical for NH 3 risk assessment on sensitive ecosystems. Highlights:• Local farm inventory provided field-level emissions for high resolution modelling• Model-derived concentrations were compared against intensive spatial measurements• Spatial arrangement of NH 3 sources and sinks is critical to environmental impact• Average national emission factors were not appropriate for an NH 3 risk assessment• Modelling at 1 km resolution did not capture the full spatial variability of NH 3

“…The sampling rate of the ALPHA samplers was calibrated against the DELTA denuder reference system (Sutton et al, 2001b), using the UK National Ammonia Monitoring Network methodology (NAMN, Sutton et al, 2001a). ALPHA samplers were stored in a cold room (4°C) until analysis in the laboratory with an AMFIA NH 3 flow injection analyser,based on analysis by selective ion membrane transfer and subsequent conductivity measurement (Wyers et al, 1993).…”

Section: Spatial Nh 3 Concentration Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of atmospheric ammonia at the landscape scale and consequences for environmental impact assessment

¹

,

²

,

³

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

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Scott; Rees, Robert M.; Sutton, Mark A. 2013. Heterogeneity of atmospheric ammonia at the landscape scale and consequences for environmental impact assessment.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. AbstractWe examined the consequences of the spatial heterogeneity of atmospheric ammonia (NH 3 ) by measuring and modelling NH 3 concentrations and deposition at 25 m grid resolution for a rural landscape containing intensive poultry farming, agricultural grassland, woodland and moorland. The emission pattern gave rise to a high spatial variability of modelled mean annual NH 3 concentrations and dry deposition. Largest impacts were predicted for woodland patches located within the agricultural area, while larger moorland areas were at low risk, due to atmospheric dispersion, prevailing wind direction and low NH 3 background. These high resolution spatial details are lost in national scale estimates at 1 km resolution due to less detailed emission input maps. The results demonstrate how the spatial arrangement of sources and sinks is critical to defining the NH 3 risk to seminatural ecosystems. These spatial relationships provide the foundation for local spatial planning approaches to reduce environmental impacts of atmospheric NH 3 . Capsule:Fine scale resolution modelling to reproduce the spatial heterogeneity of atmospheric NH 3 concentrations and deposition is critical for NH 3 risk assessment on sensitive ecosystems. Highlights:• Local farm inventory provided field-level emissions for high resolution modelling• Model-derived concentrations were compared against intensive spatial measurements• Spatial arrangement of NH 3 sources and sinks is critical to environmental impact• Average national emission factors were not appropriate for an NH 3 risk assessment• Modelling at 1 km resolution did not capture the full spatial variability of NH 3

“…Concentration measurements are frequently performed by denuder or filter-pack sampling in combination with on-or offline analysis by ionchromatography and/or flow injection analysis, e.g. for NH 3 in the AMANDA system (Wyers et al, 1993), or for HNO 3 and aerosol particles in the GRAEGOR system (Thomas et al, 2009;Twigg et al, 2011). However, this method has proved to be relatively labour and cost intensive, often shows limited time resolution and brings along method-linked limitations.…”

Section: Exchange Measurements Of Reactive Nitrogen Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TRANC – a novel fast-response converter to measure total reactive atmospheric nitrogen

Marx¹,

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et al. 2012

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. The input and loss of plant available nitrogen (reactive nitrogen: N r ) from/to the atmosphere can be an important factor for the productivity of ecosystems and thus for its carbon and greenhouse gas exchange. We present a novel converter for reactive nitrogen (TRANC: Total Reactive Atmospheric Nitrogen Converter), which offers the opportunity to quantify the sum of all airborne reactive nitrogen compounds ( N r ) in high time resolution. The basic concept of the TRANC is the full conversion of all N r to nitrogen monoxide (NO) within two reaction steps. Initially, reduced N r compounds are being oxidised, and oxidised N r compounds are thermally converted to lower oxidation states. Particulate N r is being sublimated and oxidised or reduced afterwards. In a second step, remaining higher nitrogen oxides or those generated in the first step are catalytically converted to NO with carbon monoxide used as reduction gas. The converter is combined with a fast response chemiluminescence detector (CLD) for NO analysis and its performance was tested for the most relevant gaseous and particulate N r species under both laboratory and field conditions. Recovery rates during laboratory tests for NH 3 and NO 2 were found to be 95 and 99 %, respectively, and 97 % when the two gases were combined. In-field longterm stability over an 11-month period was approved by a value of 91 % for NO 2 . Effective conversion was also found for ammonium and nitrate containing particles. The recovery rate of total ambient N r was tested against the sum of individual measurements of NH 3 , HNO 3 , HONO, NH + 4 , NO − 3 , and NO x using a combination of different well-established devices. The results show that the TRANC-CLD system precisely captures fluctuations in N r concentrations and also matches the sum of all individual N r compounds measured by the different single techniques. The TRANC features a specific design with very short distance between the sample air inlet and the place where the thermal and catalytic conversions to NO occur. This assures a short residence time of the sample air inside the instrument, and minimises wall sorption problems of water soluble compounds. The fast response time (e-folding times of 0.30 to 0.35 s were found during concentration step changes) and high accuracy in capturing the dominant N r species enables the converter to be used in an eddy covariance setup. Although a source attribution of specific N r compounds is not possible, the TRANC is a new reliable tool for permanent measurements of the net N r flux between ecosystem and atmosphere at a relatively low maintenance and reasonable cost level allowing for diurnal, seasonal and annual investigations.

“…For this reason, the concentration of ammonia gas was recorded. This was done with an on-line home-built ammonia detector (`AMANDAa) (Wijers et al, 1993).…”

Section: Evaporation Of Ammonium Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

A high-flow humidograph for testing the water uptake by ambient aerosol

Kos³

et al. 2000

Atmospheric Environment

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A`humidographa with an air #ow rate of 0.4 m s\ was built to investigate the uptake of water and its e!ect on sizing, collection and light scattering of ambient aerosol. In the humidograph the relative humidity (RH) can be scanned over a large RH trajectory. Its performance was assessed with laboratory particles of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride that are the major hygroscopic components of ambient aerosol. The increase in size at the deliquescence points, which ideally is a stepwise function of RH, occurs over a range of 3% RH units. This is shown to be an optimum value in a system of such large dimensions. Because the vapor pressure of ammonium nitrate increases signi"cantly with temperature, its evaporative loss was investigated as a function of heating/drying temperature. The loss of pure test aerosol, with a mass distribution similar to that in the ambient atmosphere, was found to be acceptable for drying temperatures of up to 403C. The sizing of deliquesced aerosol by LAS-X monitors was tested and found to be a complex function of RH. In Berner low-pressure impactors growth of hygroscopic aerosol was not observed, not even at an RH approaching saturation.

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