A Contest Success Function Allowing for Ties with an Application to Soccer

Competitive Balance and the Away Goals Rule During Extra Time

“…Modeling team sports in form of a contest is quite common in the literature on sports economics, see , for example, Szymanski (2003) or Dietl et al (2009). For its application to model a soccer game, see , for example, Yildizparlak (2013) or Goller and Krumer (2020). 8.…”

“…The parameter γ > 0 is called "discriminatory power" of the contest success function and measures the sensitivity of success to effort. For simplicity, we assume γ = 1 in our modeling as it is assumed in the applications to soccer by Yildizparlak (2013), Goller and Krumer (2020), or Jost (2021a). 11.…”