A contagious bovine pleuropneumonia outbreak on a research farm in Ethiopia, and its dynamics over an eight-month period

Almaw, Gizat; Duguma, Misgana; Wubetie, Alehegne; Tuli, Getachew; Koran, Tafesse

doi:10.20506/rst.35.3.2569

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Kenyan farmers reported that treatment with tetracyclines often leads to relapse of the disease . More recently, among various antibiotic treatments used in a field outbreak in Ethiopia, only tylosin prevented disease relapses (Almaw et al, 2016), while danofloxacin treatment in Namibia resulted in an immediate drop in cases, with no further disease reported during a two-year period (Nicholas et al,2012).…”

Section: Pharmaceutical Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Thiaucourt¹,

Nwankpa²,

Amanfu³

2021

Veterinary Vaccines

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The protection rate of T1/44 and T1sr vaccines assessed in two independent vaccine trials varied between 33 and 67% (Thiaucourt et al., 2000). Animals were challenged against local pathogenic strains, 3 months after single vaccination. Further experiments demonstrated that T1/44 confers longer immunity than T1sr after a single dose, while a booster vaccination received 12 months after initial immunisation increased the efficacy of both vaccines (> 80%; Wesongaet al., 2000). In order to be effective vaccines must contain at least 10 7 CFU/dose of live Mmm (WOAH, 2021).Both vaccines confer low efficacy at primo-vaccination and short-term immunity, requiring re-vaccinations every 6 and 12 months respectively for T1sr and T1/44. T1/44 has residual virulence, which results in occasional cases of severe inflammation at the site of injection called Willems' reactions. These local reactions can evolve into systemic disease and may even result in death of the animals in the absence of antibiotic treatments, which can discourage vaccine acceptance by farmers . Willems' reactions are observed mainly upon first vaccination and with low occurrence after re-vaccination (Muuka et al., 2014). No side effects have been reported for T1sr.Both T1/44 and T1sr are currently produced as freeze-dried live vaccines with cold chain requirements until delivery. After reconstitution, delivery time is restricted to 30 min -2 hrs. In field conditions and with hot temperatures, viability rapidly drops below the minimum recommended titre affecting vaccine efficacy.The quality of CBPP vaccines is known to differ among producers / batches, which may result in variable vaccine efficacy. Due to the potential side effects and cold chain requirements, vaccine delivery should be restricted to fully trained veterinary personnel. GAPS :Vaccine safety: Side effects associated with the T1/44 strain are perceived as an important issue. For example, T1/44 is not accepted in some countries due to reported adverse reactions and T1sr is used instead, although the frequency of vaccination campaigns is normally once per year. Vaccine delivery can exacerbate side effects, since applying inappropriate administration routes (intradermal or intramuscular instead of subcutaneous) or using inappropriate needle gauge, etc. can result in increased adverse reactions and, thus, reduced acceptability by farmers.Vaccine efficacy: The true efficacy of T1 vaccines in the field is not well known. Control programs based on vaccination alone are not sufficient for CBPP eradication in the absence of additional countermeasures such as animal movement control. For ex.: Northern Namibia and Western Zambia, where CBPP mass vaccination campaigns are delivered annually, are still struggling to control the disease, with many outbreaks declared in 2021 and 2022.Vaccine delivery: Fully trained personnel is needed to manage vaccination, since administration problems such as use of wrong diluents and vial sizes, inappropriate number of doses per vial, etc. can result in reduced viability a...

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Section: Pharmaceutical Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Thiaucourt¹,

Nwankpa²,

Amanfu³

2021

Veterinary Vaccines

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“…The infective Coenurus cerebralis cysts are then swallowed by sheep and goats (Scala and Varcasia, 2006;Sharma and Chauhan, 2006). CBPP is transmitted by infective aerosol inhalation of Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides (Almaw et al, 2016;Scott, 2014). Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the Bacillus anthracis bacterium, which can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of infected carcasses or by handling infected animal products.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can conservation incentives promote willingness to coexist with large carnivores in the eastern Serengeti ecosystem?

Mbise¹

2021

Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.

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Communities living adjacent to protected areas tend to express more willingness to coexist with large carnivores in their areas when they receive tangible benefits. The aim of this study was to explore people's willingness to coexist with large carnivores, including lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas schmidti). The authors used a pre-test and posttest approach by implementing a chemoprophylactic program as a conservation incentive among the Maasai and Sonjo tribes living in the eastern Serengeti, Tanzania. Chemoprophylaxis is the prevention of infectious disease by using chemical agents. The pre-test results showed that both tribes had low willingness to coexist with these large carnivores. Of the two tribes, the Sonjo tribe was less willing than the Maasai tribe. Our post-test results indicated an increase in willingness to coexist with large carnivores in their area because the livestock loss due to large carnivore depredation was significantly lower than that caused by diseases in both tribes. Therefore, this study calls for more conservation incentives to local people to promote their willingness to coexist with large carnivores in their areas.

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