“…Optimal routing analysis, as one of the important spatial analyses in geographic information science (GIS), has been widely applied in travel route planning (Chen, Lam, Sumalee, & Li, 2012;Rice, 2013), vehicle navigation (Uppoor, Manohara Pai, & Mouzna, 2009;Won, Kim, Baek, & Lee, 2009), and intelligent transportation systems (Szeto, 2014;Pham, Hoang, Thanh, Nguyen, & Duong, 2015). Given that virtual globes enable the combination of heterogeneous datasets, some research depends on virtual globes to realize optimal routing.…”