“…In fact, there are few studies that couple damage to viscoelasticity in order to include time and rate effects on damage evolution (e.g. Schapery, 1975Schapery, , 1987Harper, 1986Harper, , 1989Simo, 1987;Sjolind, 1987;Weitsman, 1988;Peng, 1992;Gazonas, 1993). Schapery's viscoelastic-damage model (Schapery, 1975(Schapery, , 1987, which has been modified by Schapery (1999) to include viscoplasticity, is currently used to reasonably predict the damage behavior of asphaltic materials (e.g.…”