Knowledge
of the interaction between aptamer and protein is integral
to the design and development of aptamer-based biosensors. Nanoparticles
functionalized with aptamers are commonly used in these kinds of sensors.
As such, studies into how the number of aptamers on the nanoparticle
surface influence both kinetics and thermodynamics of the binding
interaction are required. In this study, aptamers specific for interferon
gamma (IFN-γ) were immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles
(AuNPs), and the effect of surface coverage of aptamer on the binding
interaction with its target was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy.
The number of aptamers were adjusted from an average of 9.6 to 258
per particle. The binding isotherm between AuNPs–aptamer conjugate
and protein was modeled with the Hill-Langmuir equation, and the determined
equilibrium dissociation constant (K′D) decreased 10-fold when increasing the coverage of aptamer.
The kinetics of the reaction as a function of coverage of aptamer
were also investigated, including the association rate constant (k
on) and the dissociation rate constant (k
off). The AuNPs–aptamer conjugate with
258 aptamers per particle had the highest k
on, while the k
off was similar for AuNPs–aptamer
conjugates with different surface coverages. Therefore, the surface
coverage of aptamers on AuNPs affects both the thermodynamics and
the kinetics of the binding. The AuNPs–aptamer conjugate with
the highest surface coverage is the most favorable in biosensors considering
the limit of detection, sensitivity, and response time of the assay.
These findings deepen our understanding of the interaction between
aptamer and target protein on the particle surface, which is important
to both improve the scientific design and increase the application
of aptamer–nanoparticle based biosensor.