A confluence of contexts: Asymmetric versus global failures of selective attention to Stroop dimensions.

Sabri, Merav; Melara, Robert D.; Algom, Daniel

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.3.515

Cited by 56 publications

(120 citation statements)

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“…Algom and colleagues have reached a similar conclusion (Dishon-Berkovits & Algom, 2000;Malara & Algom, 2003;Sabri, Melara, & Algom, 2001). The main methodological point is that, although non-chance contingencies may "maximize" the size of the Stroop effect (and thus its detectability), the said Stroop effect measure is confounded with contingency effects.…”

Section: Implications For Future Stroop Researchsupporting

confidence: 55%

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The Stroop effect: Why proportion congruent has nothing to do with congruency and everything to do with contingency.

Schmidt

Besner

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

263

440

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The item-specific proportion congruent (ISPC) effect is the observation that the Stroop effect is larger for words that are presented mostly in congruent colours (e.g., BLUE presented 75% of the time in blue), and smaller for words that are presented mostly in a given incongruent colour (e.g., YELLOW presented 75% of the time in orange). One account of the ISPC effect, the modulation hypothesis, is that participants modulate attention based on the identity of the word (i.e., participants allow the word to influence responding when it is presented mostly in its congruent colour). Another account, the contingency hypothesis, is that participants use the word to predict the response that they will need to make (e.g., if the word is YELLOW, then the response is probably orange). Reanalyses of data from Jacoby, Lindsay, and Hessels (2003) along with results from new experiments are inconsistent with the modulation hypothesis, but entirely consistent with the contingency hypothesis. A response threshold mechanism for using contingency information is proposed and tested. Contingency Learning 3The Stroop Effect: Why Proportion Congruent has Nothing to do with Congruency and Everything to do with Contingency Contingency learning is a lively area of research (e.g., Jacoby, Lindsay, & Hessels, 2003;Musen & Squire, 1993;Schmidt, Crump, Cheesman, & Besner, 2007). One popular domain for this research is the Stroop paradigm. The standard Stroop effect is the finding that participants take longer to identify the print colour of an incongruent colour word (e.g., the word GREEN printed in red; GREEN red ) relative to a congruent colour word (RED red ;Stroop, 1935; see MacLeod, 1991, for a review). The magnitude of the Stroop effect changes when the proportion of congruent items is manipulated (Lowe & Mitterer, 1982). In particular, the Stroop effect increases as the proportion on congruent trials increases. The standard account of the influence of proportion congruent (Cheesman & Merikle, 1986;Lindsay & Jacoby, 1994;Lowe & Mitterer, 1982) is that the detection of these proportions allows participants to modulate attention to the word, thereby changing the size of the Stroop effect. However, Schmidt et al. (2007) suggest that simple contingency learning provides a sufficient account of the proportion congruency effect. Here, we provide a reanalysis of the Jacoby et al. participants use contingency information to control responding will also be considered. Proportion Congruency and the Modulation HypothesisA number of experiments (Cheesman & Merikle, 1986;Lindsay & Jacoby, 1994;Lowe & Mitterer, 1982) have shown that the magnitude of the Stroop effect can be modulated by varying the proportion of congruent trials. Specifically, the Stroop effect is larger when most of the items in the experiment are congruent (high proportion congruent) than when most of the Contingency Learning 4 items are incongruent (low proportion congruent). The standard explanation of this effect (Cheesman & Merikle, 1986;Lindsay & Jacoby, 1994;Lowe ...

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Section: Implications For Future Stroop Researchsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Dishon-Berkovits and Algom (2000;see also, Malara & Algom, 2003;Sabri, Melara, & Algom, 2001) have argued that when words and colours are correlated, participants will pick up on this cue, attend to the content of the word, and use that content to aid responding.…”

Section: Response Prediction and The Contingency Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Stroop effect: Why proportion congruent has nothing to do with congruency and everything to do with contingency.

Schmidt

Besner

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

263

440

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…An elegant account of the Stroop effect, referred to hereafter as the correlation account (see Melara & Algom, 2003), attributes failures of selective attention in the Stroop task to the powerful influence of the irrelevant yet predictive (i.e., attractive) word dimension. The primary tenets of this account are that irrelevant words become relevant through learned correlations with correct color responses, and that the information conveyed by such correlations is used to optimize performance (Algom, Dekel, & Pansky, 1996;Dishon-Berkovits & Algom, 2000;Sabri, Melara, & Algom, 2001; see also Melara & Mounts, 1993;Virzi & Egeth, 1985). According to the correlation account, the Stroop effect reflects that the irrelevant words are commonly correlated with the correct response-accordingly, attention is attracted to the predictive words, thereby undermining efforts to selectively attend to the color.…”

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confidence: 99%

Congruency precues moderate item-specific proportion congruency effects

Hutchison

Bugg

Lim

et al. 2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

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The item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effect refers to the reduction in the Stroop effect for items (e.g., words) that mostly appear in an incongruent format, as compared to items that mostly appear in a congruent format. It is thought to demonstrate reactive control of word-reading processes. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that using explicit, trial-by-trial congruency precues to proactively guide attention during a color-word Stroop task could reduce the otherwise robust ISPC effect. In Experiment 1, the precueing manipulation was employed alongside a manipulation traditionally thought to influence proactive control of word-reading processes (i.e., list proportion congruence [list PC]). Precueing participants with 100 %-valid precues eliminated both the ISPC effect and the list PC effect. In Experiment 2, we used 70 %-valid congruency precues to direct participants to generally expect conflict or congruence on a given trial. ISPC effects were selectively reduced when the participants expected conflict. These results suggest that precueing influences engagement in proactive control and, as a result, reduces the impact of item-specific and list-based tendencies to direct attention toward or away from word reading.

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“…Notably, the discriminability of values along the constituent dimensions has been neither appreciated nor measured in earlier studies of the Stroop phenomenon. When it was, Melara, Algom, and their associates (Algom, Dekel, & Pansky, 1993Arieh & Algom, 1997;Melara & Algom, 1996;Melara & Mounts, 1993, 1994Pansky & Algom, 1999;Sabri, Melara, & Algom, in press; Shalev . Allocation of words and colors to form the set of color-word stimuli in three experimental situations.…”

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confidence: 99%

The stroop effect: It is not the robust phenomenon that you have thought it to be

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Five experiments demonstrate that context has a powerful effect on the ease with which people can name (Experiments 1-3) or categorize (Experiments 4-5) a stimulus while ignoring another stimulus, irrelevant or conflicting with the target. Selectivity of attention to the target dimension was gauged through Stroop and Garner effects, When the stimulus values along the target dimension and the to-beignored dimension were correlated over the experimental trials, large effects of Stroop and Garner influenced performance. However, when random allocation of values created zero dimensional correlation, the Stroop effects vanished, These results imply that when the nominally irrelevant dimension is in fact correlated with the relevant dimension, participants then attend to the irrelevant dimension and thus open themselves up to Stroop interference, Another variable of context, the relative salience of the constituent dimensions, also affected performance with the more discriminable dimension disrupting selective attention to the less discriminable dimension, The results demonstrate the importance of context in engendering the failure of selective attention and challenge traditional automaticity accounts of the Stroop effect.The Stroop effect (Stroop, 1935) is the demonstration of choice used by instructors of psychology to illustrate the failure of selective attention: Naming the print color of color words is impaired by the meaning of the words, although reading the words is not similarly hindered by irrelevant print color, The tenacity ofthe asymmetry in interference has earned the phenomenon more than classroom popularity, The Stroop effect has accrued theoretical interest because, presumably, the effect is the inescapable outcome of pitting the automatic process of word reading against the less automatic, or controlled, process ofcolor naming. The mandatory failure of selective attention to color naming ensues, Consequently, the Stroop effect has been considered to be the "gold standard" of attentional processing (MacLeod, 1992), The notions ofautomaticity (Hasher & Zacks, 1979;Kahneman & Treisman, 1984;Logan, 1980;Logan & Zbrodoff, 1998) and relative speed of processing (e.g, Dunbar & MacLeod, 1984;Posner, 1978) have indeed served to explain the Stroop phenomenon: Because word reading is more automatic and speedy than color naming, color naming suffers intrusions from involuntary word reading, but reading is not hampered by conflicting print color, More than 60 years after its discovery, the Stroop phenomenon continues to fascinate investigators and has sustained a substantial amount of research (see MacLeod, 1991, for a comprehensive review).In the present study, we challenge both the alleged robustness of the Stroop phenomenon and its traditional explanations. We demonstrate that the effect is malleable experimentally by several heretofore neglected stimulus factors, By judiciously manipulating these factors, one is able to determine the direction, the magnitude, and in fact, the very appearance of the Stroop eff...

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A confluence of contexts: Asymmetric versus global failures of selective attention to Stroop dimensions.

Cited by 56 publications

References 82 publications

The Stroop effect: Why proportion congruent has nothing to do with congruency and everything to do with contingency.

The Stroop effect: Why proportion congruent has nothing to do with congruency and everything to do with contingency.

Congruency precues moderate item-specific proportion congruency effects

The stroop effect: It is not the robust phenomenon that you have thought it to be

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