A conflict monitoring account of the control mechanisms involved in dual-tasking

Olszanowski, Michał; Bajo, M. Teresa; Szmalec, Arnaud

doi:10.1080/20445911.2015.1022553

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Despite the aforementioned limitations, Experiments 1 and 2 provided additional evidence for adjustment of cognitive control to tasks varying in cognitive processing demands. The presented findings are in line with previous studies reporting control adaptation with regards to: serial vs. parallel processing strategy (Lehle, Steinhauser, & Hübner, 2009), the need for task shielding (Fischer, Gottschalk, & Dreisbach, 2014), conflict adaptation (Olszanowski, Bajo & Szmalec, 2015), hierarchical task organization (Hirsch, Nolden, & Figure 1. Trial schema for Experiment 1.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Dual-task experiments usually test between 15-30 participants (e.g. Lehle, Steinhauser, & Hübner, 2009;Olszanowski, Szmalec, & Bajo, 2015). Expecting that data from some participants might be excluded, we invited 33 undergraduate participants from the University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw, who participated for course credit.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such hierarchical representation has sustained activation, thus when the task pair changes, an update of both tasks is needed, despite the response setting for one of them being already available at the level of cognitive control (Hirsch, Nolden, Philipp, & Koch, 2017). Interestingly, other studies have also shown performance costs being a consequence of a previous task requiring a response to either primary or both tasks (Olszanowski, Bajo, & Szmalec, 2015). More precisely, a Gratton-like conflict adaptation was shown, as performance on a dual-task was faster when preceded by another dual-task, compared to a situation when it was preceded by a single primary task, whereas performance on a single primary task was slower when preceded by a dual-task, compared to a situation when two single primary tasks were presented consecutively.…”

Section: Control Adjustment In Dual-taskingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adjustment of cognitive control to the frequency of dual-task interference

Olszanowski

Szostak

2019

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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This study explored whether the control mechanisms recruited for optimizing performance are similar for dual-task and interference-task settings. We tested whether the frequency of appearance of a secondary task resulted in an adjustment of anticipatory and reflexive forms of attentional control, as has been observed with other interference tasks (e.g., stroop and flanker). The results of two experiments demonstrated a proportion congruency effect (PCE): when a secondary task frequently appeared, primary task performance was slower. Additionally, there was a relative slowdown of dual-task performance in blocks wherein the secondary task appeared infrequently compared to blocks wherein it appeared frequently. However, this slowdown occurred when the primary task entailed a low level of control (Experiment 1) but was absent when it demanded a high level of control (Experiment 2). Overall, the results suggest that the level of control can be adjusted to task demands related to the frequency of the secondary task.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Control Adjustment In Dual-taskingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adjustment of cognitive control to the frequency of dual-task interference

Olszanowski

Szostak

2019

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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“…A recent systematic review ( 18 ) on the cognitive effects of acute aerobic exercise showed that short bouts of aerobic exercise improve interference control—a subcomponent of inhibition and closely linked to dual-task performance ( 19 ). Moderator analyses further revealed that effects were larger in age groups with poorer interference control such as preadolescent children and older adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Effects of Single-Session Split-Belt Treadmill Training on Dual-Task Performance in Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Elderly

et al. 2020

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Background: Dual-tasking is challenging for people with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait (PD+FOG) and can exacerbate freezing episodes and falls. Split-belt treadmill training (SBT) is a novel tool to train complex gait and may improve dual-task (DT) walking and turning. Objective: To investigate the single-session effects of SBT on DT walking and DT turning performance in PD+FOG and older adults (OA), compared to regular treadmill training. Methods: Forty-five PD+FOG and 36 OA participated in a single training session (30 min). They were randomized into one of four training groups: (A) SB75-steady belt speed ratio 0.75:1; (B) SB50-steady belt speed ratio 0.5:1; (C) SBCR-changing belt speed ratios between 0.75:1 and 0.5:1; and (D) Tied-Belt (TBT). Over-ground straight-line gait and an alternating turning in place task combined with a cognitive dual-task (DT) (auditory Stroop) were assessed pre-and post-training, and the following day (retention). Constrained longitudinal data analysis was used to investigate the training effects for all participants and for PD+FOG alone. Results: DT gait speed improved at post-training for all groups (p < 0.001). However, SBT (SB50 and SBCR) led to larger post-training improvements compared to TBT, which were still visible at retention (SB50). For mean DT turning speed and Stroop response time while walking, only SBT groups showed significant improvements at post-training or retention. DT stride length, peak DT turning speed, and Stroop performance index while walking also showed larger gains in SBT compared to TBT. Results for PD+FOG alone showed similar effects although with smaller effect sizes. Conclusions: A single session of SBT in PD+FOG and OA showed larger short-term effects on DT walking and turning compared to TBT. Cognitive DT performance was also improved in SBT, likely due to reduced cortical control of gait. These results illustrate the potential for SBT to improve DT during complex gait and possibly reduce fall risk in clinical and healthy populations.

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“…A related study by Desender and colleagues ( 2014 ) using a masked priming paradigm provided evidence that subjective rather than objective conflict (i.e., incongruence between prime and target) triggered conflict adaptation in subsequent trials (but see Abrahamse & Braem, 2015 , for criticism of Desender et al’s interpretation and Foerster et al, 2017 , for a replication failure). Such sequential modulations of task performance are not unique to single-task performance and have also been observed in dual tasks (Janczyk, 2016 ; Olszanowski et al, 2015 ; Strobach et al, 2021 ). The investigation of sequential modulations in dual-task paradigms may thus provide a starting point for further research regarding the role of introspection in behavioral adaptations in this context (see also Bratzke & Janczyk, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Subjective estimates of total processing time in dual-tasking: (some) good news for bad introspection

Bratzke

Bryce

2022

Psychological Research

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Previous studies have shown severe distortions of introspection about dual-task interference in the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) paradigm. The present study investigated participants’ ability to introspect about the total trial time in this paradigm, as this temporal information may arguably be more relevant for strategic task scheduling than subjective estimates of each task within the dual task. To this end, participants provided estimates of their reaction times (IRTs) for the two subtasks in one half of the experiment, and estimates of the total trial time (ITTs) in the other half of the experiment. Although the IRT results showed the typical unawareness of the PRP effect, ITTs reflected the effects of SOA and Task 2 difficulty on objective total trial time. Additional analyses showed that IRTs were influenced by the introspective task order; that is, the ITT pattern carried over to IRTs when IRTs were assessed in the second half of the experiment. Overall, the present results show that people are able to accurately introspect about total trial time in the PRP paradigm and thus provide some good news for bad introspection in the PRP paradigm.

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A conflict monitoring account of the control mechanisms involved in dual-tasking

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Adjustment of cognitive control to the frequency of dual-task interference

Adjustment of cognitive control to the frequency of dual-task interference

Short-Term Effects of Single-Session Split-Belt Treadmill Training on Dual-Task Performance in Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Elderly

Subjective estimates of total processing time in dual-tasking: (some) good news for bad introspection

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