“…Such hierarchical representation has sustained activation, thus when the task pair changes, an update of both tasks is needed, despite the response setting for one of them being already available at the level of cognitive control (Hirsch, Nolden, Philipp, & Koch, 2017). Interestingly, other studies have also shown performance costs being a consequence of a previous task requiring a response to either primary or both tasks (Olszanowski, Bajo, & Szmalec, 2015). More precisely, a Gratton-like conflict adaptation was shown, as performance on a dual-task was faster when preceded by another dual-task, compared to a situation when it was preceded by a single primary task, whereas performance on a single primary task was slower when preceded by a dual-task, compared to a situation when two single primary tasks were presented consecutively.…”