A conductive-dielectric gradient framework for stable lithium metal anode

Li, Jing; Zou, Peichao; Chiang, Sum Wai; Yao, Wentao; Wang, Yang; Liu, Peng; Liang, Caiwu; Kang, Feiyu; Yang, Cheng

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.019

Cited by 102 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Table 3 provides several additional representative references where the authors combined a lithiophilic host and a surface protection strategy to achieve synergistic performance in Li metal anodes. [170][171][172][173][174] In our opinion, such dual Reproduced under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license. [170] Copyright 2018, Springer-Nature.…”

Section: Lithium-metal Membranes Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Emerging Concepts in SEI Analysis and Artificial SEI Membranes for Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Metal Battery Anodes

Liu

Mitlin

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

347

250

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Lithium metal batteries (LMBs), sodium metal batteries (SMBs), and potassium metal batteries (KMBs) are receiving extensive attention in scientific literature. [1,2] The specific capacity of lithium, sodium, and potassium metal anodes is 3861 − , 1165 − , and 678 mAh g −−1 , which is substantially higher than that of graphite or hard carbons employed for ion battery anodes. For all three metal battery systems, achieving long-term stable and safe metal anode performance would be potentially transformative. However, growth of dendrites is a ubiquitous problem for each system, to date inhibiting wide scale commercial application of LMBs, SMBs, and KMBs in rechargeable cells. [3-6] The well-known risk is that dendrites will penetrate the separator and reach the cathode, resulting in a short circuit, potentially causing thermal runaway, burning, and even explosions. This is largely why Li metal anodes were originally abandoned in favor of graphite. [2,7] Less dramatically, dendrites result in a severe cell impedance increase, pouch swelling, as well as electrolyte drying. [3,8] The science around Li, Na, and K metal anodes is rapidly advancing. It is recognized that the structure of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) plays a crucial role in determining the cyclability of metal anodes. [4,5] The SEI serves multiple roles, including limiting further side-reactions between the metal and the electrolyte, as well as promoting uniform metal deposition by regulating the solid-state ion flux. An ideal SEI layer has properties along the following: High cation conductance but also high electrical resistance, stable thickness close to a few nanometers, high mechanical toughness (combination of strength and ductility) leading to a tolerance to charginginduced volumetric changes, insolubility in the electrolyte, and stability over a wide range of operating temperatures and voltages. A stable SEI is an accepted prerequisite for safe battery performance, be it with a metal or an ion insertion anode. [6] The characteristics of SEI growth, gradual and uniform versus rapid and heterogeneous, is a key indicator whether or not dendrites form. [9-11] The dominant focus of many reports is on the spatially averaged SEI chemistry. [12,13] However recent progress brings fourth site-specific concepts in the SEI analysis, Anodes for lithium metal batteries, sodium metal batteries, and potassium metal batteries are susceptible to failure due to dendrite growth. This review details the structure-chemistry-performance relations in membranes that stabilize the anodes' solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), allowing for stable electrochemical plating/stripping. Case studies involving Li, Na, and K are presented to illustrate key concepts. "Classical" versus "modern" understandings of the SEI are described, with an emphasis on the new structural insights obtained through novel analytical techniques, including in situ liquid-secondary ion mass spectroscopy, titration gas chromatography, and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This Review highlights diver...

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Section: Lithium-metal Membranes Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Li-Li/Li-Cu [173] (Cu foam with ionic conductivity gradient) 1 m LiTFSI in DOL/DME (2 wt% LiNO 3 ) 1 mA cm [174] (melamine sponge with conductive dielectric gradient) Reproduced with permission. [159] Copyright 2017, Wiely-VCH.…”

Section: Sodium and Potassium Metal Membranes Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Emerging Concepts in SEI Analysis and Artificial SEI Membranes for Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Metal Battery Anodes

Liu

Mitlin

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

347

250

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“…Therefore, to mitigate Li dendrite formation, many researchers have employed diverse electrode material designs relying on the introduction of high effective specific surface areas and stereoscopic structures to facilitate rapid Li ion flux (Figure 3). [70][71][72][73] In many cases, however, the structural control of metal-based electrode materials is not sufficient to realize a uniform Li-ion flux to the electrode surface. Numerous empirical observations and simulations revealed the preferential deposition of Li metal at the anode/ separator interfaces, which is commonly denoted as a "topgrowth" mode.…”

Section: Gradient Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Design of 3D‐Structured Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Metal Anodes

2020

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In view of their high energy densities, absence of memory effects, and high round-trip energy efficiencies, conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used on scales ranging from compact electronic devices to grid systems [8,9] but are currently reaching their maximal capacity, as their specific/volumetric energy densities are limited by the use of heavy metal-based active host materials. [10,11] The use of Li as a high-energy active anode material is a possible solution to this problem, as this metal exhibits a high theoretical capacity of ≈3860 mAh g −1 and a low redox potential (−3.040 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode). [12,13] However, the Li-metal anode (LMA) has some fatal drawbacks originating from highaspect-ratio metal growth, e.g., continuous electrolyte consumption, Coulombic efficiency (CE) reduction, elevated cell polarization due to side reactions producing dead Li, and safety issues caused by electrode short-circuiting. [14,15] Recently, these drawbacks have been addressed by several approaches such as electrode design and electrolyte engineering. [16-21] Metal growth can be described by a first-order linear equation as Although the lithium-metal anode (LMA) can deliver a high theoretical capacity of ≈3860 mAh g −1 at a low redox potential of −3.040 V (vs the standard hydrogen electrode), its application in rechargeable batteries is hindered by the poor Coulombic efficiency and safety issues caused by dendritic metal growth. Consequently, careful electrode design, electrolyte engineering, solid-electrolyte interface control, protective layer introduction, and other strategies are suggested as possible solutions. In particular, one should note the great potential of 3D-structured electrode materials, which feature high active specific surface areas and stereoscopic structures with multitudinous lithiophilic sites and can therefore facilitate rapid Li-ion flux and metal nucleation as well as mitigate Li dendrite formation through the kinetic control of metal deposition even at high local current densities. This progress report reviews the design of 3D-structured electrode materials for LMA according to their categories, namely 1) metal-based materials, 2) carbon-based materials, and 3) their hybrids, and allows the results obtained under different experimental conditions to be seen at a single glance, thus being helpful for researchers working in related fields.

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“…By making use of the lithiophilic/lithiophobic materials and arranging them carefully, it is possible to regulate the Li deposition more efficiently [134][135][136] . Pu et al proposed a "top-growth" mode where Li deposition preferentially began from the anode/separator interfaces, which would cause direct dendrite growth and penetrate the separator [137] .…”

Section: Lithiophilic-lithiophobic Gradient 3d Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%