“…Stochastic models are often used to model the system deterioration. They include Markov chains (Chiang & Yuan, 2001;Kopnov & Kanajev, 1994;Neves, Santiago, & Maia, 2011), Gamma processes (Abdel-Hameed, 1975;Van Noortwijk, 2009;van Noortwijk, van der Weide, Kallen, & Pandey, 2007), the cumulative shock damage models (Chen, 2012;Qian, Nakamura, & Nakagawa, 2003;van der Weide & Pandey, 2011).…”