A Concise Review on Internet of Things (IoT) -Problems, Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

Internet of things (IoT) is considered to revolutionize the way internet works and bring together the concepts such as machine to machine (M2M) communication, big data, artificial intelligence, etc. to work under a same umbrella such that cyber space and human (physical systems) are more intertwined and thus ubiquitous giving rise to cyber physical systems. This will involve billions of connections and smart products communicating with each other mostly without human intervention to achieve smart objectives. The idea of IoT has enticed significant research attentions since the massive connectivity bring varieties of challenges and obstacles including heterogeneity, scalability, security, big data, energy requirements, etc. The paper looks into providing a concise review of the concepts on IoT and applications describing the main components and features. Furthermore, open issues and challenges that need addressing by the research community and some potential solutions are discussed.Index Terms-Internet of things (IoT); wireless sensor networks (WSNs); challenges and opportunities.

Identification and Speed Estimation of a Moving Object in an Indoor Application Based on Visible Light Sensing of Retroreflective Foils

“…Statista [ 8 ] forecasts over 30.9 billion connected devices by the year 2025. With this massive increase on the horizon, there are many challenges emerging, ranging from energy consumption and electronic waste to bandwidth limitations [ 9 , 10 ]. The International Energy Agency estimates the power used by IoT devices by 2040 to be more than 2000 TWh [ 11 ].…”

“…The accumulators and batteries, which are often not easily detachable from the device, especially lead to the problem of an increasing number of devices that require special treatment in the recycling or disposal processes. As stated in [ 10 ], even in case that changing the batteries is technically possible, the large number of nodes makes this process unfeasible and results in a throwaway mechanism at the end of the node’s lifetime. With the widespread use of actively communicating devices, even in cases where the communication demand is kept minimal, the bandwidth of the used communication technologies is anticipated to become a bottleneck [ 10 ].…”

“…As stated in [ 10 ], even in case that changing the batteries is technically possible, the large number of nodes makes this process unfeasible and results in a throwaway mechanism at the end of the node’s lifetime. With the widespread use of actively communicating devices, even in cases where the communication demand is kept minimal, the bandwidth of the used communication technologies is anticipated to become a bottleneck [ 10 ]. Furthermore, in cases where the number of devices increases, as all forecasts suggest, the interference between wireless Radio Frequency (RF) based communication technologies is anticipated to become an issue.…”

A Systematic Review on Software Architectures for IoT Systems and Future Direction to the Adoption of Microservices Architecture

“…To managing and analysing oceanography, big data is difficult due to increasing the growth of big data [32] and devices heterogeneity issue [33]. In IoT, Scalability, Mobility, Interoperability, Data volume, Security, privacy, Implementation, and competency issues have highlighted [13].…”

Non-Intrusive Presence Detection and Position Tracking for Multiple People Using Low-Resolution Thermal Sensors

“…The fusion of data collected by the same or different sensors has led to the discovery of several smart applications, as data can be used to explain a lot of patterns. Nowadays, we have a lot of smart applications that leverage IoT infrastructure [3] and provide different utilities, such as smart maintenance, smart space, autonomous vehicle driving, smart health, smart home, etc. All of these innovations have been developed considering the activities and behavior of users or people in the surrounding environment.…”