A Concise Profile of Gallic Acid—From Its Natural Sources through Biological Properties and Chemical Methods of Determination

Abstract

Nature is a valuable source of anti-oxidants that have a health-promoting effect by inhibiting various undesirable changes leading to cell degradation and, consequently, potential disease ailments. One of them is gallic acid which has been used as a healing agent since ancient times. Currently, due to various beneficial properties, this compound is considered to be one of the main phenolic acids of great importance in numerous industries. It is commonly used as a substance protecting against the harmful effects of UV radiation, an astringent in cosmetic preparations, and a preservative in food products. Therefore, gallic acid is now deemed essential for both human health and industry. Increasingly better methods of its isolation and analysis are being developed, and new solutions are being sought to increase its production. This review, presenting a concise characterization of gallic acid, updates the knowledge about its various biological activities and methods used for its isolation and determination, including chromatographic and non-chromatographic methods.

Human diet‐derived polyphenolic compounds and hepatic diseases: From therapeutic mechanisms to clinical utilization

“…In the human diet, gallic acid is commonly present as esters in tea, grapes, mangoes, and edible mushrooms. Recent investigations have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of gallic acid, shedding light on its potential in treating human diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (Wianowska & Olszowy‐Tomczyk, 2023) (Table 3).…”

“…In the human diet, gallic acid is commonly present as esters in tea, grapes, mangoes, and edible mushrooms. Recent investigations have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of gallic acid, shedding light on its potential in treating human diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer(Wianowska & Olszowy- Tomczyk, 2023) (Table3).Chang et al showed that gallic acid-mediated TNF-α production promoted HSC necroptosis by upregulating the key necrosis regulatory protein TRADD and receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3)…”

Complexation of gallic acid with calcium: electrochemical, potentiometric, and UV-VIS studies

“…2 Gallic acid possesses numerous properties of interest such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-inammatory, and anti-viral properties. 1 Due to its properties, gallic acid can be used in the pharmaceutical industry to prevent oxidative damage in biomolecules by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing the development and progression of various cancer cells. It can also be used as a remoter astringent in cases of internal hemorrhage, to treat albuminuria, diabetes, psoriasis, and external hemorrhoids as well as to prevent excessive inammatory responses.…”

“…grapes and tea) as well as in foods and beverages. 1 It is often used as a standard reference for the quantification of polyphenols ( e.g. in the Folin & Ciocalteu assay).…”

Proteome Analysis of the Antiproliferative Activity of the Novel Chitooligosaccharide–Gallic Acid Conjugate against the SW620 Colon Cancer Cell Line

“…GA comprises a benzene ring with three adjacent hydroxyl groups and one carboxylic group at the 1 position [ 16 ]. GA exhibits strong antioxidant activity [ 16 , 17 ] and possesses anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal properties [ 18 ]. Therefore, the biological and pharmacological properties of GA have attracted the attention of researchers by attempting to improve its activity by combining it with other bioactive ingredients.…”