A Conceptualized Hydrail Powertrain: A Case Study of the Union Pearson Express Route

Akhoundzadeh, M. Haji; Raahemifar, Kaamran; Panchal, Satyam; Samadani, Ehsan; Haghi, Ehsan; Fraser, Roydon; Fowler, Michael

doi:10.3390/wevj10020032

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Due to quite long start-times, they are not suitable for fuel cell electric cars, where 100 kW el PEMFCs are successfully applied, consuming around 0.8 kg of hydrogen per 100 km with an expected lifetime of 20-25 years [79]. The railway sector is also dominated by low-temperature fuel cells: 300 kW el PEMFCs are commonly used in a hybrid solution with batteries [80]. Whereas a more feasible SOFC application field results to be a fuel cell power ship, where a 100 kW el unit was already successfully tested [81].…”

Section: Technology Readiness Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operating Principles, Performance and Technology Readiness Level of Reversible Solid Oxide Cells

Bianchi¹,

Bosio²

2021

Sustainability

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The continuous increase of energy demand with the subsequent huge fossil fuel consumption is provoking dramatic environmental consequences. The main challenge of this century is to develop and promote alternative, more eco-friendly energy production routes. In this framework, Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) are a quite attractive technology which could satisfy the users’ energy request working in reversible operation. Two operating modes are alternated: from “Gas to Power”, when SOCs work as fuel cells fed with hydrogen-rich mixture to provide both electricity and heat, to “Power to Gas”, when SOCs work as electrolysers and energy is supplied to produce hydrogen. If solid oxide fuel cells are an already mature technology with several stationary and mobile applications, the use of solid oxide electrolyser cells and even more reversible cells are still under investigation due to their insufficient lifetime. Aiming at providing a better understanding of this new technological approach, the study presents a detailed description of cell operation in terms of electrochemical behaviour and possible degradation, highlighting which are the most commonly used performance indicators. A thermodynamic analysis of system efficiency is proposed, followed by a comparison with other available electrochemical devices in order to underline specific solid oxide cell advantages and limitations.

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Section: Technology Readiness Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operating Principles, Performance and Technology Readiness Level of Reversible Solid Oxide Cells

Bianchi¹,

Bosio²

2021

Sustainability

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“…At present, the two mainstream electric power of vehicles include hydrogen fuel cell and lithium battery. 4 Because of its high specific energy and power densities, high safety and stable output performance, 5 lithium-ion battery (LIB) is favored by AUVs. During the operation of the vehicle, its speed will be switched continuously, according to the various cruising requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on battery thermal management of autonomous underwater vehicle by bionic wave channels with liquid cooling

Mao

Song

et al. 2021

Int J Energy Res

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As lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are used in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) power systems, their thermal safety and reliability have seriously inhibited the development of AUVs toward high speed and long voyage. However, the related research on AUVs' battery thermal management is very limited. In this article, a novel and efficient liquid cooling scheme is proposed, for battery thermal management of AUV, which adopts bionic wave cooling channels. A three-dimensional heat dissipation model of the battery was developed, which considered the influence of battery internal resistance and state of charge on battery heat generation. The effects of discharge rate, channel shape, coolant mass flow rate, coolant inlet direction, and dynamic operation strategy on the battery maximum temperature and temperature variation were investigated during discharging process. It was found that the battery with bionic wave channels was superior to the battery with straight channels, regarding cooling efficiency. The maximum temperature and temperature difference of the former decreased by 12.8 and 5.3 K compared with the latter at 5C current discharging rate. Based on the bionic wave channels, increasing the mass flow rate of coolant was the most efficient route to reducing the maximum temperature and improving the uniformity of the battery temperature. A mass flow rate equal to 2.5 × 10 −4 kg s −1 is reasonably recommended by considering the cooling efficiency comprehensively. The direction of the coolant inlet had little effect on the maximum temperature of the battery, but it significantly improved the uniformity of the battery temperature. Under the premise of meeting the cruising requirements of AUVs, alternating low-rate and high-rate discharge was more conducive to improving the temperature behavior of the battery. The conclusions of this article can provide reference for the battery thermal management system of AUVs.

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“…Lithium‐ion battery as an ideal power source for electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) 1,2 due to its high energy density, high power density, and long cycle life 3 . Currently, many research studies on the characteristics of lithium‐ion batteries have been carried out 4‐6 . Under typical conditions, the temperature difference between batteries surface and core can reach 10°C or more 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal temperature prediction of ternary polymer lithium‐ion battery pack based on CNN and virtual thermal sensor technology

Wang

Jiang³

et al. 2021

Int J Energy Res

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Summary In order to achieve real‐time prediction of the battery internal temperature via the external temperature measured, a method for predicting internal temperature of a ternary polymer lithium‐ion battery pack based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and virtual thermal sensor (VTS) was proposed in this paper. A 128‐channel thermometer was used to measure the internal (64 uniformly distributed points) and external (64 uniformly distributed points) temperature of the lithium‐ion battery pack during seven discharge cycles for a total of 81 376 sets of data. The external temperature measured was used as the input of CNN and the internal temperature predicted as the output of CNN. CNN compared with linear regression (LR) to verify the difference of prediction accuracy. Mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), max‐error (MAXE), and goodness of fit (R2‐score) were used to evaluate the prediction accuracy. The results showed that the proposed method can accurately predict real‐time temperature with the MSE as 0.047. In addition, this method does not require any knowledge of battery thermal properties, heat generation, or thermal boundary conditions.

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A Conceptualized Hydrail Powertrain: A Case Study of the Union Pearson Express Route

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Operating Principles, Performance and Technology Readiness Level of Reversible Solid Oxide Cells

Operating Principles, Performance and Technology Readiness Level of Reversible Solid Oxide Cells

Study on battery thermal management of autonomous underwater vehicle by bionic wave channels with liquid cooling

Internal temperature prediction of ternary polymer lithium‐ion battery pack based on CNN and virtual thermal sensor technology

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