A Conceptual Framework of Arctic Economies for Policy‐making, Research, and Practice

Larsen, Sanne Vammen; Bors, Eleanor K.; Jóhannsdóttir, Lára; Gladun, Elena; Gritsenko, Daria; Nystén-Haarala, Soili; Tulaeva, Svetlana; Sformo, Todd

doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12720

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, "more holistic assessments of human health and ecological risks" are proposed (Galloway, 2006). This is particularly important in the Arctic environmental, social, and cultural context where subsistence, mixed, and market economies coexist (Vammen Larsen et al, 2019). Those supporting themselves at a minimum level of subsistence, see Figure 1, rely on unpolluted marine food supplies for nutritional benefits for their health and well-being.…”

Section: Arctic-specific Risks and Systemic Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sociocultural impacts on local lifestyle and quality of life are better contextualized in the Arctic than in the Antarctic due to the presence of indigenous communities in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Resource use constitutes a fundamental component of indigenous culture and the base to maintain and develop local communities (language, culture, and social life; Vammen Larsen et al, 2019). Cruise ship incidents may cause disruption to traditional ways of using resources due to the complexity of rescue operations involving casualties but also because of the degradation of resources and environmental conditions (i.e., Costa Concordia, MV Clipper Adventurer).…”

Section: Sociocultural Causes and Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Systemic risk of cruise ship incidents from an Arctic and insurance perspective

Jóhannsdóttir

Cook

Arruda

2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Easier accessibility and demand for so-called last chance tourism has contributed to rapid growth in Arctic cruise ship tourism. Arctic cruising brings many benefits to remote coastal communities but also presents an array of risks. In the light of this context, this article explores the concept of systemic risk of cruise ship incidents in general, findings which are then placed in an Arctic context and consideration given of the role the insurance sector may play in addressing cruise ship incidents. The study is based on metadata, both from academic and nonacademic sources. Findings are drawn from 11 global case studies of cruise ship incidents, 5 of which are polar examples. In the worst-case scenario, an array of serious economic, business, environmental, sociocultural, and security impacts may unfold in the Arctic, presenting risks that may be considerably worse than in other parts of the world. Arctic-specific challenges include extreme weather conditions and the presence of sea-ice, navigation and communication conditions, and lack of infrastructure (port facilities, Search and Rescue capabilities). Significant knowledge gaps across the Arctic have been identified, for example, in terms of seabed mapping, how to deal with industry-related activities, and the risks and nature of environmental change. When cruise ship risks in the Arctic are considered, both passenger and shipowner risk need to be accounted for, including Search and Rescue cover. Although data are limited, there is evidence that the sociocultural risks of an Arctic cruise ship incident are insufficiently addressed, either via insurance mechanisms or cross-border, navigational safety guidelines such as the Polar Code. The academic contribution of the study is the systemic scale of the analysis, and the practical and political implications are to lay the foundation for solution discussion that is of relevance in an Arctic and insurance context.

show abstract

Section: Arctic-specific Risks and Systemic Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sociocultural Causes and Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic risk of cruise ship incidents from an Arctic and insurance perspective

Jóhannsdóttir

Cook

Arruda

2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The aim, methodology, research questions, and the structure of this article In this article, following Larsen et al (2019), we propose a holistic risk analysis in developing the Arctic. If all the consequences are not taken into consideration, we might lose something, the importance of which we did not realize when the decisions were made.…”

Section: Green Energy V Reindeer Herdingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…204-205). Larsen et al (2019) suggest a holistic view, which does not necessarily equal to majoritarian democratic decision making but calls for the values and livelihoods of minorities taken into consideration in assessing risks of industrial development in remote areas in the Arctic. If diminishing of pastures continues, reindeer herding gradually becomes unprofitable and simply dies out as a business and a livelihood.…”

Section: Impact Of International Law and A Holistic Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind energy projects and reindeer herders’ rights in Finnish Lapland

Nystén-Haarala

Joona

Hovila

2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reindeer herding is both a traditional livelihood and a business still practiced in the northern parts of Eurasia. In the Nordic countries, reindeer herding has contributed to keeping remote northern areas inhabited while maintaining Indigenous cultures. Reindeer herders have also been able to adapt to new circumstances, and many of them have invested in value-adding production or secondary occupations, such as tourism. The main challenge for reindeer herding is the loss of pastures to other industries and infrastructure projects. The growing investment in wind farms—which not only compete for the same land with reindeer herding but may also disturb the herding practices—has emerged as a recent competitor to reindeer herding in the context of land use. In this article, we study the rights and opportunities of reindeer herders to participate in decision making on land use for infrastructure projects in general and wind farm projects in particular. Our focus is on the situation in Finland, but we also use examples of reported land use conflicts between reindeer herders and wind farms from other Nordic countries. The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to find out how the rights of reindeer herders in planning and making decisions on wind farms are regulated and, on the other hand, how these rights function in practice. In addition to national legislation on participation in land use, there exists a growing number of international conventions to protect the environment and the rights of Indigenous people. Wind farms are particularly interesting in that renewable energy is now internationally preferred and subsidized as “green energy” in the fight against climate change. The challenge remains how to protect traditional livelihoods and human rights while targeting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

show abstract

“…Arctic communities are often remote, resource dependent and based upon a mixture of monetary, mixed and non-monetary economies [1,2]. They rely on complex socio-ecological systems [2,3], which are especially vulnerable to risk, lacking resilience and adaptive management capacity [4,5]. These risks occur across various scales and are multifarious, including but not limited to climate change [6,7,8] and severe weather events [9], the potential spread of infectious diseases [10], lack of economic diversity and insufficient access to human capital [11], and the potential for environmental accidents to severely degrade the resources on which communities depend [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts, Systemic Risk and National Response Measures Concerning COVID-19 – the Island Case Studies of Iceland and Greenland

Cook¹,

Jóhannsdóttir²

2021

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Arctic is a remote region that has become increasingly globalised yet remains extremely vulnerable to many risks. The COVID-19 pandemic presented new challenges to the region. Using the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA) approach to conduct a meta-synthesis of the academic and grey literature on the impacts of the pandemic, an assessment is conducted of the types of risks that have been presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, the scales, and the national response strategies for mitigating the risks. Two case studies are explored, Iceland and Greenland, island nations that exemplify the extremes of the Arctic and reliance on tourism, a sector that was nearly entirely suspended by the pandemic. An evaluative matrix is employed which combines five different scales of risk – nano, micro, meso, macro and cosmic – with a sustainability categorisation of impacts. The risks of the pandemic cut across the respective scale and categories, with the potential for macro-scale events (systemic risk) to unfold linked to economic spillover effects driven by the curtailment of tourism and various supply chain delays. Both Iceland and Greenland have exemplified risk mitigation strategies which prioritise health over wealth, very strictly in the case of the latter. Strict border controls and domestic restrictions have enabled Iceland and Greenland to have much lower case and death numbers than most nations. In addition, Iceland has led the way, globally, in terms of testing and accumulating scientific knowledge concerning the genetic sequencing of the virus. The academic contribution of the paper concerns its broadening of understanding concerning systemic risk, which extends beyond financial implications to includes sustainability dimensions. For policymakers and practitioners, the paper highlights successful risk mitigation and science-based measures that will be useful for any nation tackling a future pandemic, regardless of whether they are island states, Arctic nations or another country.

show abstract

A Conceptual Framework of Arctic Economies for Policy‐making, Research, and Practice

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Systemic risk of cruise ship incidents from an Arctic and insurance perspective

Systemic risk of cruise ship incidents from an Arctic and insurance perspective

Wind energy projects and reindeer herders’ rights in Finnish Lapland

Impacts, Systemic Risk and National Response Measures Concerning COVID-19 – the Island Case Studies of Iceland and Greenland

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About