A Computational Model of Watermark Algorithmic Robustness Capable of Resisting Image Cropping for Remote Sensing Images

Abstract

Various watermarking algorithms have been studied to better enable the copyright protection of remote sensing images. The robustness of such algorithms against image cropping attacks has subsequently been verified mainly by various experiments. However, to date, the experimental results are subject to the differences in experimental factors and computational resource costs. Hence, the study presented in this paper proposes a robustness computation model of watermarking remote sensing images in terms of the image cropping attack. The robustness computation model consists of three parts: analysis principles, an evaluation index, and a computation method. The robustness analysis principles are provided based on the salient features of watermarking remote sensing images and attacking properties. A probability-based evaluation index is then defined to more comprehensively measure the robustness of different algorithms. The computation method developed in this study is based on permutations and the inclusion-exclusion principle to theoretically calculate robustness. The experiments conducted to verify the effectiveness of the computation model, revealed true closeness between both the calculated and experimental results. Finally, the relationships between the robustness and the different parameters used in the watermarking algorithms are investigated by using the proposed computation model.

Multiple Watermarking Algorithms for Vector Geographic Data Based on Multiple Quantization Index Modulation

“…The application prospects of digital watermarking technology in securing vector geographic data are highly significant. Numerous scholars have extensively investigated digital watermarking technology for vector geographic data, yielding a plethora of valuable research findings [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The current research on digital watermarking technology for vector geographic data primarily focuses on robust and fragile watermarking techniques, which are predominantly employed to address issues related to data copyright protection, single-user usage tracking, and content authentication.…”

An Efficient Robust Multiple Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data

“…Moreover, the proposed detection algorithm is compatible with single watermarking detection algorithms, and it has good performance in terms of detection efficiency. Therefore, multiple watermarking technology can effectively solve the above information security problems of vector geographic data.Currently, many scholars have been devoted to developing digital watermark technology, and they have proposed many algorithms [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, these algorithms focus on embedding only one watermark in the cover data, which then lacks multi-copyright protection.…”