A computational exploration of the mechanisms for the acid‐catalytic urea–formaldehyde reaction: new insight into the old topic

Li, Tao Hong; Wang, Chuanming; Xie, Xiao Guang; Du, Guan Ben

doi:10.1002/poc.1880

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Molar ratios have often significantly affected the cold-water-insoluble nitrogen of resulting urea-formaldehyde products; hence the results of the present study were similar to previous research 1 , 13 . In the present study, changes in the reaction temperature or time did not significantly affect the levels of cold-water-insoluble nitrogen resulting from urea-formaldehyde 29 .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Modeling and Optimizing the Synthesis of Urea-formaldehyde Fertilizers and Analyses of Factors Affecting these Processes

Guo

Zhang

Tian

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Previous research into the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde fertilizers was mostly based on orthogonal experimental designs or single factor tests; this led to low precision for synthesis and relatively large ranges of parameters for these processes. To obtain mathematical response models for the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde fertilizers with different nitrogen release properties, a central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology was used in our research to examine the effects of different reaction times, temperatures, and molar ratios on nitrogen insoluble in either hot or cold water. Our results showed that nitrogen insoluble in cold or hot water from urea-formaldehyde fertilizers were mainly affected by urea: formaldehyde molar ratios. Also, quadratic polynomial mathematical models were established for urea-formaldehyde. According to the models, the optimal process parameters which maximize cold-water-insoluble nitrogen and minimize hot-water-insoluble nitrogen for the synthesis of urea formaldehyde were as follows urea: formaldehyde molar ratio was 1.33, reaction temperature was 43.5 °C, and reaction time was 1.64 h. Under these conditions, the content of cold-water-insoluble nitrogen was 22.14%, and hot-water-insoluble nitrogen was 9.87%. The model could be an effective tool for predicting properties of urea-formaldehyde slow release fertilizers if the experimental conditions were held within the design limits.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Modeling and Optimizing the Synthesis of Urea-formaldehyde Fertilizers and Analyses of Factors Affecting these Processes

Guo

Zhang

Tian

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…(2) GO acted as a template skeleton and antishrinkage additive. (3) Co 2+ ions served as inducers and catalysts for assembling GO into 3D porous gels and catalyzing the polymerization of phenolic resin according to the previous reports. ,− Because of those outstanding properties, the optimum RUFG aerogel has great potential as high-performance insulation materials in the building field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superelastic, Anticorrosive, and Flame-Resistant Nitrogen-Containing Resorcinol Formaldehyde/Graphene Oxide Composite Aerogels

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Energy conservation requires next-generation thermal-insulating materials featured with multiple functions (e.g., ultralight, anticorrosion, mechanically resilient, and highly flame-retardant); however, creating such thermal-insulating materials has still proven challenging. Herein, we employed a self-assembly copolymerization strategy combined with an ambient-pressure drying technique to synthesize a new series of nitrogenous resorcinol formaldehyde/graphene oxide composite aerogels. Rational integration of metal ions, urea-formaldehyde (UF), resorcinol formaldehyde (RF), and graphene oxide (GO) in a system led to the interpenetrating quaternary network, rendering the as-prepared resorcinol-urea-formaldehyde/graphene oxide (RUFG) aerogel extraordinary compressibility (the maximum strain of 80% and robust stability) and high corrosion and combustion resistance, superior to many commercial thermal-insulating materials. Further considering its ultralight weight and low thermal conductivity, this RUFG aerogel can be quite adequate to serve as a new building material with high energy efficiency.

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“…On the other hand, F is emitted because both methylolation and condensation reactions in UF resins are reversible. Moreover, the methylene ether linkages (CH 2 OCH 2 ) in the condensed resins are unstable at high temperature and under acid conditions . Thus, F emission from UF resins can be minimized but will be an inevitable problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, structure, and characterization of glyoxal‐urea‐formaldehyde cocondensed resins

Deng

Pizzi

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To decrease the formaldehyde emission of urea‐formaldehyde (UF) bonded products at source, monomethylol urea (MMU) was chosen to react with glyoxal (G), a nonvolatile and nontoxic aldehyde, to prepare a novel glyoxal‐urea‐formaldehyde (GUF) cocondensed resin. The GUF resins were synthesized with different MMU/G molar ratios, and the basic properties were tested. The GUF resins were characterized by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). The results show that the synthesized GUF resins remain stable for at least 10 days at ambient temperature. Conjugated structures, and large amounts of OH, NH, CN, and CO groups with different levels of substitution exist in the GUF resin. There are two repeating motives in the MALDI‐TOF‐MS spectrum of the GUF resin, one of 175 ±1 Da and a second one of 161 ± 1 Da. Moreover, the peaks due to the dehydration condensation reaction of MMU also appear in the spectra. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41009.

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A computational exploration of the mechanisms for the acid‐catalytic urea–formaldehyde reaction: new insight into the old topic

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Modeling and Optimizing the Synthesis of Urea-formaldehyde Fertilizers and Analyses of Factors Affecting these Processes

Modeling and Optimizing the Synthesis of Urea-formaldehyde Fertilizers and Analyses of Factors Affecting these Processes

Superelastic, Anticorrosive, and Flame-Resistant Nitrogen-Containing Resorcinol Formaldehyde/Graphene Oxide Composite Aerogels

Synthesis, structure, and characterization of glyoxal‐urea‐formaldehyde cocondensed resins

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